The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
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24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
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Fragoso, C. A. V., Gill, T. M., Leo-Summers, L. S., et al. (2019) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2019.03.020 · Cited by 5
Value-Added Decisions in Oncology
Tannock, I. F., Presley, C. J., & Saltz, L. B. (2019) · American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book · doi:10.1200/edbk_238831 · Cited by 5
The Role of Statistical Evidence in Civil Cases
Gastwirth, J. L. (2019) · Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application · doi:10.1146/annurev-statistics-031219-041238 · Cited by 4
“Miao & Gastwirth (2016) demonstrate the extreme stringency of this requirement, review the 50 Gastwirth A nn u.”
InfluentialA world beyond P: policies, strategies, tactics and advice
Drummond, G. B. (2019) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep088040 · Cited by 5
“The supplement from the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016) contained a large variety of proposals, and is a valuable summary.”
BackgroundExploring the usefulness of Lexis diagrams for quality improvement
Dahlin, S. (2020) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-019-1017-3 · Cited by 5
Altman, M. (2020) · Springer proceedings in mathematics & statistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36568-4_16 · Cited by 6
Speckman, R. A., & Burnham, T. R. (2020) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.12457 · Cited by 5
“Boundary-Maintenance” or “Boundary-Crossing”? Name-Giving Practices among Immigrants in Germany
Gerhards, J., & Tuppat, J. (2021) · Names · doi:10.5195/names.2021.2237 · Cited by 5
Lienesch, J., Murphy, K. A., Parnell, T., & Miles, A. (2021) · Health Information & Libraries Journal · doi:10.1111/hir.12368 · Cited by 5
Iwu, C. G., Opute, A. P., Aliyu, O. A., Eresia-Eke, C., Musikavanhu, T. B., & Jaiyeola, A. O. (2021) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm14040179 · Cited by 7
Meeker, T. J., Schmid, A., Liu, Y., Keaser, M. L., Dorsey, S. G., Seminowicz, D. A., & Greenspan, J. D. (2021) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1815 · Cited by 4
“It must | 7MEEKER Et al. be noted these guidelines, like the guidelines for p- values, are arbitrary and subject to test assumptions, sample size, context and practical effect interpretation (Fisher, 1948; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundExtraction and Evaluation of Statistical Information from Social and Behavioral Science Papers
Lanka, S. S. T., Rajtmajer, S. M., Wu, J. F., et al. (2021) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/3442442.3451363 · Cited by 6
The CATALST Curriculum: A Story of Change
Justice, N., Le, L. J., Sabbag, A., Fry, E. B., Ziegler, L., & Garfield, J. (2020) · Journal of Statistics Education · doi:10.1080/10691898.2020.1787115 · Cited by 6
Cohen, L., Pappas, E., Refshauge, K. M., et al. (2021) · Spine Deformity · doi:10.1007/s43390-021-00435-y · Cited by 5
“1 for inclusion into the final model [26].”
BackgroundApologia Pro Vita Sua: A History of My Economic Opinions
McCLOSKEY, D. N. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch · doi:10.3790/schm.140.3-4.235 · Cited by 5
Understanding statistical hypothesis tests and power
Jones, M. P., Beath, A., Oldmeadow, C. J., & Attia, J. (2017) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja16.01022 · Cited by 5
Application of Test Theory in Study and Practice :
Kawahashi, I. (2017) · The Annual Report of Educational Psychology in Japan · doi:10.5926/arepj.56.137 · Cited by 5
When Does the Odds Ratio Not Equal the Relative Risk, and Why Should You Care?
Barger, M. K. (2018) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.12919 · Cited by 5
Revolutionizing Estimation and Inference for Program Evaluation Using Bayesian Methods
Vollmer, L., Finucane, M. M., & Brown, R. (2018) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x18815817 · Cited by 5
“The American Statistical Association’s recent guidance discouraging undue reliance on p-values makes alternatives to traditional methods, especially Bayesian alternatives, all the more salient (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodInfluence of physical activity on serum vitamin D levels in people with multiple sclerosis
Bauer, A., Lechner, I., Auer, M., Berger, T., Bsteh, G., Pauli, F. D., Hegen, H., Wurth, S., Zinganell, A., & Deisenhammer, F. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234333 · Cited by 6
Promoting and supporting credibility in neuroscience
Rousselet, G. A., Hazell, G. G. J., Cooke, A., & Dalley, J. W. (2019) · Brain and Neuroscience Advances · doi:10.1177/2398212819844167 · Cited by 5
“Transparent reporting is key to replicability, starting with a clear description of sample sizes involved at every level of analysis (Weissgerber et al., 2016).”
BackgroundLearning epistatic polygenic phenotypes with Boolean interactionsPreprint
Behr, M., Kumbier, K., Córdova‐Palomera, A., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.396846 · Cited by 5
Do Seasoned Industry Specialists Provide Higher Audit Quality? A ResponsePreprint
Gaver, J. J., & Utke, S. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3745140 · Cited by 4
It's Not Where You Start, It's How You Finish: Predicting Law School and Bar SuccessPreprint
Taylor, A. N., Scott, J. M., & Jackson, J. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3827402 · Cited by 5
A Review of the Active Management of Norway's Government Pension Fund GlobalPreprint
Bauer, R. M. M. J., Christiansen, C., & Døskeland, T. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4003433 · Cited by 5
Elkins, M. R., Pinto, R. Z., Verhagen, A. P., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Physiotherapy · doi:10.1080/21679169.2022.2073991 · Cited by 5
Clonal breeding strategies to harness heterosis: insights from stochastic simulationPreprint
Labroo, M. R., Endelman, J. B., Gemenet, D. C., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.07.01.497810 · Cited by 5
“In accordance with recent guidelines of the statistical community, significance testing was not conducted and confidence intervals were interpreted (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016; Alexander & Davis, 2022).”
MethodAbdallah, M. S., Adam, J., Adamczyk, L., et al. (2025) · Physical Review C · doi:10.1103/physrevc.111.029902 · Cited by 5
Manolov, R., & Onghena, P. (2023) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02230-1 · Cited by 5
“Thus, there have been suggestions (Lakens, 2021) and efforts (Wasserstein et al., 2019; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016) to promote the correct use and interpretation of p values.”
BackgroundThe statistical significance revolution
Neugut, A. I., & Fojo, T. (2024) · JNCI Cancer Spectrum · doi:10.1093/jncics/pkae035 · Cited by 4
Gabriel, D. C., Gonzalez, M. R., Lee, S. W., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2025.04.063 · Cited by 4
Lawrence‐Sidebottom, D., McAlister, K. L., McCutchen, D., Roots, M., & Huberty, J. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076251361589 · Cited by 4
“P -Values .10 are discussed as statistical trends given their potential relevance in the context of behavioral data and importance of considering the magnitude of P -values rather than a strict dichotomy, 37 though trends should be interpreted with caution.”
Tan, Y., Markatou, M., & Chakraborty, S. (2025) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.70195 · Cited by 4
“While identifying AE signals is critical, contemporary science and biomedicine increasingly recognize the limitations of a simple signal/non-signal dichotomy for statistical inference, which can obscure data nuances [14–17].”
Broe, A., Pottegård, A., Munk‐Olsen, T., et al. (2025) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.70211 · Cited by 4
Improving research reproducibility in surgery: A narrative review on caveats in research methodology
Liukkonen, R., Vaajala, M., Kuitunen, I., Mattila, V. M., Ponkilainen, V., Uimonen, M., & Reito, A. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1177/14574969251371880 · Cited by 4
Czortek, P., Depczyński, M., & Puchałka, R. (2025) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123164 · Cited by 4
Bastogne, T., Wagner, L., Acherar, S., Karcher, G., & Collet, C. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-18181-w · Cited by 4
“In fact, even large effects may yield weak p-values when sample sizes are limited or measurements are noisy 20 .”
Jeong, A. C., Wong, R. M., & Mbanzabugabo, J. B. (2025) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-025-10562-2 · Cited by 4
“This enables researchers to identify pedagogical benchmarks and evaluate the practical sig‑ nificance of their findings (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Saying ‘no’ with confidence: statistical approaches to test for the absence of an effect
Halsey, L. G. (2025) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2025.0506 · Cited by 4
Maillard, N., Karoui, K. E., Mercer, A., Hunt, B., & Carroll, K. J. (2025) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-025-03402-5 · Cited by 4
“…the American Statistical Association (ASA) issued their view via a ‘Statement on p -Values,’ stressing that p -values do not measure the size of an effect or the importance of a result and, by itself, a p -value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis [37].”
Sobczak, A., Barwińska-Małajowicz, A., Witek, J., Kłak, D., Soboń, J., & Nogga, M. (2025) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en18226016 · Cited by 5
The value of P-values in "Table 1".
Cole, J. B., Knack, S., & Driver, B. E. (2025) · American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2025.12.003 · Cited by 5
Heterogeneous climate impacts on spring phenology of China's wetlands
Feng, K., Mao, D., Xu, X., et al. (2025) · Environmental Impact Assessment Review · doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108264 · Cited by 4
Nielsen, K. S., Dablander, F., Debnath, R., Emogor, C. A., Ghai, S., Gwozdz, W., Hahnel, U. J. J., Hofmann, W., & Bauer, J. M. (2025) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103107 · Cited by 6
Shen, Q., Ding, J., Summers, H., et al. (2026) · Football Studies · doi:10.1016/j.footst.2026.100026 · Cited by 4
Verhagen, A. P., Stubbs, P. W., Mehta, P., Kennedy, D. S., Nasser, A. M., de Oliveira, C. Q., Pate, J. W., Skinner, I., & McCambridge, A. B. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054875 · Cited by 5
Sound and relatively complete belief Hoare logic for statistical hypothesis testing programs
Kawamoto, Y., Sato, T., & Suenaga, K. (2023) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.artint.2023.104045 · Cited by 4
Mapping the concept of health care integration: A lexicographic analysis of scientific literature
Urionagüena, A., Piquer‐Martinez, C., Benrimoj, S. I., Calvo, B., García‐Cárdenas, V., Gastelurrutia, M. Á., Martínez, F. M., & Fernández-Llimós, F. (2024) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.01.013 · Cited by 4
Randomized controlled trials in resuscitation
Drennan, I. R., McLeod, S. L., & Cheskes, S. (2024) · Resuscitation Plus · doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100582 · Cited by 4
“45,46 They are often a reflection of sample size, have an arbitrary cut off for ‘statistical significance’, and provide no information on clinical relevance.”
BackgroundInfluentialFührer, A., Wagner, K., Reinhardt, Z., & Wienke, A. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14060602 · Cited by 4
Rakotondrasoa, J. F., Ramiadantsoa, T., Becker, L. J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Insects as Food and Feed · doi:10.1163/23524588-00001130 · Cited by 4
A prospective study of male physical activity and fecundability
Wise, L. A., Wang, T. R., Ulrichsen, S. P., Krivorotko, D., Mikkelsen, E. M., Kuriyama, A. S., Laursen, A. S. D., Jørgensen, M. D., Eisenberg, M. L., Rothman, K. J., et al. (2024) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deae275 · Cited by 4
Long COVID in transgender and gender nonbinary people in the United States
Wirtz, A. L., Reisner, S. L., Cole, S. W., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-84519-5 · Cited by 4
Biomimetic Digital Twins and Multiomics
Kearns, W. G., Glick, J., Baisch, L., Benner, A. T., Brough, D. E., Du, L., Germain, C., Kearns, L., & Stamoulis, G. (2025) · Journal of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1016/j.jmoldx.2024.12.012 · Cited by 4
Unravelling the Nuances of Data With Quantile Regression: A Comprehensive Tutorial
Mabire‐Yon, R. (2025) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.70006 · Cited by 5
Gheorghe, I.-R., Gheorghe, C.-M., Perju-Mitran, A., & Popa-Velea, O. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17083637 · Cited by 6
The Controversy behind the Controversies: Scientific Discourse in the Twenty-First Century
Fahnestock, J. (2025) · Rhetoric Society Quarterly · doi:10.1080/02773945.2025.2484162 · Cited by 6
Pumpo, M. D., Riccardi, M. T., Vita, V. D., & Damiani, G. (2025) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaf072 · Cited by 5
“It is important to acknowledge the potential of these promising tools and generate significant evidence on them from a scientific standpoint [26–28].”
Rammos, A., Blakey, R., Dennison, C. A., Lewis, S. J., Ali, N. M. H., Davies, A., Wren, Y. E., Humphries, K., Sandy, J. R., Rees, E., et al. (2025) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddaf115 · Cited by 5
“…the chance of type 1 error, however, we present confidence intervals around all our effect estimates and urge the reader to infer the r obustness of an effect estimate using these values as opposed to applying a multiple testing correction and shifting arbitrary p-value thresholds [54, 55].”
Alternative to the statistical mass confusion of testing for “no effect”
Morgan, J. (2025) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.202403034 · Cited by 6
Zhu, M., Zhang, Q., & Lin, L. (2025) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1093/eurjcn/zvaf144 · Cited by 4
Cecchi, R., Camatti, J., Santunione, A. L., et al. (2025) · Legal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102708 · Cited by 4
Comparative Clinical Outcomes of Nusinersen and Gene Therapy in Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type 1
Ropars, J., Cancés, C., García-Uzquiano, R., de la Banda, M. G. G., Barnérias, C., Audic, F., Durigneux, J., Halbert, C., Nkam, L., Laugel, V., et al. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.36348 · Cited by 5
Biodiversity and the design of result-based payments: Evidence from Germany
Schaub, S., Pfaff, A. S. P., & Bonev, P. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103247 · Cited by 5
Choosing the “Perfect” Scale: A Primer to Evaluate Existing Scales in HRI
Saad, L., Roesler, E., Phillips, E. K., & Trafton, J. G. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3772066 · Cited by 7
“Though this threshold is far from perfect [49, 103, 116, 118], it can be used as a guard rail to aid researchers in the interpretation of results [33].”
Ahuekwe, E. F., & Taiwo, D. I. (2025) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/s12936-025-05628-8 · Cited by 4
“This result corresponds with the report made by Wasserstein & Lazar [76] that warns against the misuse of statistical significance and p-value.”
Statistics Cannot Decide How Much to Protect the Environment
Suter, G. W. (2019) · Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management · doi:10.1002/ieam.4171 · Cited by 4
“In fact, the American Statistical Association released a statement against nearly all uses of hypothesis testing in 2016, and this year an entire issue of The American Statistician is devoted to what to do instead (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016; Wasserstein et al. 2019).”
MethodNonresponse Bias in Sample Surveys
Kinney, S. K., & Cooney, D. (2019) · New Directions for Institutional Research · doi:10.1002/ir.20296 · Cited by 4
Malone, K. (2020) · Harvard Data Science Review · doi:10.1162/99608f92.c2fc310d · Cited by 4
“…involved are likely going to look different for machine learning versus statistics (to say nothing of the metrics the data scientist uses to evaluate the experiments, and their explainability to a business stakeholder: p values are imperfect [Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016] and hardly intuitive).”
BackgroundAcute methylphenidate administration reduces cocaine-cue attentional bias
Alcorn, J. L., Strickland, J. C., Lile, J. A., Stoops, W. W., & Rush, C. R. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109974 · Cited by 4
Highland, H. M., Gamazon, E. R., & Below, J. E. (2021) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.120.317360 · Cited by 4
The Wrong Message from the Wrong Talk
Rothman, K. J. (2020) · Observational Studies · doi:10.1353/obs.2020.0006 · Cited by 4
Kelter, R. (2021) · Computational Statistics & Data Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.csda.2021.107326 · Cited by 4
It’s Not Where You Start, It’s How You Finish: Predicting Law School and Bar Success
Taylor, A. N., Scott, J. M., & Jackson, J. L. M. (2021) · Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice · doi:10.33423/jhetp.v21i10.4629 · Cited by 6
Verploegh, I. S. C., Lazar, N. A., Bartels, R., et al. (2022) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2022.02.018 · Cited by 4
Self-citationWhy there are so many contradicted or exaggerated findings in highly-cited clinical research?
Lu, M., Liu, S., & Yuan, Y. (2022) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2022.106782 · Cited by 4
Positive Psychology and Philosophy-as-Usual: An Unhappy Match?
Mattes, J. (2022) · Philosophies · doi:10.3390/philosophies7030052 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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