The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
Open accessAbstract
Emeritus of Mathematics and Statistics at
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
Citations
Cites
Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611417632 · Cited by 6,567
(1947) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.1947.10501534 · Cited by 3,745
The Abuse of Power: The Pervasive Fallacy of Power Calculations for Data Analysis
Hoenig, J. M., & Heisey, D. M. (2001) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1198/000313001300339897 · Cited by 2,046
Statistics notes: Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence
Altman, D. G., & Bland, J. M. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7003.485 · Cited by 1,946
Smithson, M. J. (2000) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446218525 · Cited by 1,871
Bayesian statistical inference for psychological research.
Edwards, W., Lindman, H., & Savage, L. J. (1963) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0044139 · Cited by 1,734
Scientific method: Statistical errors
Nuzzo, R. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/506150a · Cited by 1,536
Why Most Discovered True Associations Are Inflated
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2008) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e31818131e7 · Cited by 1,495
Sterne, J. A. C. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7280.226 · Cited by 1,466
Contradicted and Initially Stronger Effects in Highly Cited Clinical Research
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.2.218 · Cited by 1,465
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Leek, J. (2014), “On the Scalability of Statistical Procedures: Why the p-Value Bashers Just Don't Get It,” Simply Statistics Blog, Available at http://simplystatistics.org/2014/02/14/on-the-scalability-of-statistical-procedures-why-the-p-value-bashers-just-dont-get-it/.
- Gelman A. and Loken E. (2014) “The Statistical Crisis in Science [online] ” American Scientist 102. Available at http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/2014/6/the-statistical-crisis-in-science · DOI · Paper page
- Greenland, S., and Poole, C. (2011), “Problems in Common Interpretations of Statistics in Scientific Articles, Expert Reports, and Testimony,” Jurimetrics, 51, 113–129.
- 10.1214/13-AOS1123 · DOI
- Lavine, M. (1999), “What is Bayesian Statistics and Why Everything Else is Wrong,” UMAP Journal, 20, 2.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 3,101–3,200 of 6,272
Multi-scale Inequality and Segregation: Theory and Estimation
Owen, G. E., Manley, D., Johnston, R. J., Birabi, T., Song, H. M., & Wang, B. (2021) · The urban book series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74544-8_11 · Cited by 4
“There is an argument that significance testing is not relevant because we are using full population data or the inherent problems in using arbitrary significance values (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundHullot, M., & Antoine, P. (2022) · Palaeovertebrata · doi:10.18563/pv.45.1.e2 · Cited by 5
Martin, O. A., & Teste, F. P. (2022) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-022-05329-0 · Cited by 5
“…wider attention probably because they are one of the most commonly used statistical tools in applied fields (e.g. plant and soil sciences) and because they are difficult to interpret properly (Chawla, 2017; Cohen 1994; Schervish 1996; Sterne and Davey Smith 2001 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundAdaptive treatment allocation and selection in multi-arm clinical trials: a Bayesian perspective
Arjas, E., & Gasbarra, D. (2022) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-022-01526-8 · Cited by 5
“Wasserstein RL, Lazar NA.”
BackgroundInfluentialBryan, L. N., Smith‐Grant, J., Brener, N. D., Kilmer, G., Lo, A., Queen, B. E., & Underwood, J. M. (2022) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.13184 · Cited by 5
Min, X., Shangguan, Y., Huang, J., et al. (2022) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs14122739 · Cited by 5
“However, the American Statistical Association confirmed that the dichotomous significance tests can lead to unjustified inferences due to strictly yet arbitrarily categorizing study results [66].”
BackgroundStochastic process computational modeling for learning research
Колгатін, О. Г., Сергеевна, К. Л., & Пономарева, Н. С. (2022) · Educational Dimension · doi:10.31812/educdim.4498 · Cited by 5
“This question is discussed in this paper later in detail, but we can conclude here that this results correlate with the statement of the American Statistical Association (ASA) about the limitations of p values (Wasserstein and Lazar [32]).”
ResultPOGIL-like Learning in Undergraduate Software Testing and DevOps - A Pilot Study
Gopal, B., & Cooper, S. (2022) · doi:10.1145/3502718.3524776 · Cited by 5
“Based on the results of these tests, we chose the appropriate ANOVA test (regular or Welch’s) with associated p-value to determine the statistical significance of the results [48].”
MethodRalph, M. C., Schneider, B. B., Benson, D. R., & Ward, D. (2022) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/14697874221118866 · Cited by 5
“…approaches that rely on reductive interpretations of p -values and other heuristics that obscure researcher assumptions, sustain implicit biases, and perpetuate harmful marginalizing impacts of quantitative methods (Garcia et al., 2018; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016; Wasserstein et al., 2019).”
BackgroundInvestigating dynamic causal network with unified Granger causality analysis
Li, F., Cheng, M., Chu, L., Zhang, Y., Zhao, X., Lin, Q., & Hu, Z. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109720 · Cited by 5
Emmert, J., Schneider, H., Böhm, B., et al. (2022) · Applications in Energy and Combustion Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaecs.2022.100093 · Cited by 5
Gibbons, C., O’Hara, B., O’Connor, D., Hardman, C. A., Wilton, M., Harrold, J. A., Almiron‐Roig, E., Navas‐Carretero, S., Hodgkins, C. E., Nazare, J., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063903 · Cited by 6
Modern Statistical Methods for the Surgeon Scientist
Lammers, D. T., & McClellan, J. M. (2023) · Surgical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.suc.2022.12.001 · Cited by 5
Considerations for Engineering Education Research Using Quantitative Methods
Hjalmarson, M. A., Herman, G. L., & Douglas, K. A. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003287483-35 · Cited by 7
Evans, P. T., Blakely, M. L., Mixon, A. S., Canvasser, J., Rysavy, M. A., Fernández, M. E., Pedroza, C., & Tyson, J. E. (2023) · Seminars in Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2023.151304 · Cited by 6
Impact of Covid-19 on Employee Satisfaction and Trust with Focus on Working from Home
Gazem, M., Härting, R. C., Schneider, A., & Reichstein, C. (2023) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-3068-5_27 · Cited by 5
Gartlehner, G., Persad, E., Ledinger, D., Chapman, A. L., Gadinger, A., Feyertag, J., & Emprechtinger, R. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.06.007 · Cited by 5
Kananizadeh, N., Wild, M., Oehrig, J., et al. (2023) · Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management · doi:10.1002/ieam.4818 · Cited by 5
“Tests with p ‐ value < 0.05 were statistically signi fi cantly different between the two pop - ulations (Federal Judicial Center [FJC] & National Research Council, 2011; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialRemch, M., Swink, G., Mautz, C., Austin, A. E., & Naumann, R. B. (2023) · Injury Epidemiology · doi:10.1186/s40621-023-00450-9 · Cited by 5
“In our interpretation of the results, we relied on the magnitude of the point estimate and width of the corresponding 95% confidence interval, rather than p-values, as recommended by the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
MethodChevalier, T., & Colard, T. (2023) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103428 · Cited by 5
Craig, J. M., Malvaso, C., & Farrington, D. P. (2023) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x231198808 · Cited by 6
Chandrasenage, D., Markey, O., Johnson, W., Haycraft, E., & Griffiths, P. L. (2023) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.13171 · Cited by 6
Heaman, J. A. L., Cherry, K. M., McMurtry, C. M., Giguère, B., & Lumley, M. N. (2023) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-023-00128-z · Cited by 7
“Consistent with recommendations in psychological science to de-emphasize p-val - ues and statistical significance (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016; Wasserstein et al., 2019 ), in the current study, we include p-values as only one component that contributes to the meaningfulness of findings (Wasserstein…”
Skaali, T., Blomhoff, R., Lindemann, K. Y., Smeland, S., Bruheim, K., Seland, M., & Thorsen, L. (2023) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.14709 · Cited by 5
Linde, M., & van Ravenzwaaij, D. (2023) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-023-02097-y · Cited by 7
“The NHST approach to inference has been criticized due to certain limitations and erroneous interpretations of p -values (e.g., [9–21]), which we briefly describe below.”
MethodFeng, Q., Mol, B. W., Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Li, W. (2023) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dead248 · Cited by 5
“There have been repeated calls from statisticians advocating effect measures reporting (Braitman, 1988; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016; Wasserstein et al. , 2019), propelling authors to change their reporting practices and journals to update their author ’ s guide — and some have done so (Harrington…”
Variation in the strength of local and regional determinants of herbivory across the Neotropics
Massad, T. J., Nascimento, A. R., Campos-Moreno, D. F., Simbaña, W. R., Lopez, H. G., Sulca, L., Lepesqueur, C., Richards, L. A., Forister, M. L., Stireman, J. O., et al. (2023) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.10218 · Cited by 5
Evaluation of Exhilarating Engine Sound by Randomized Controlled Trial
Kondo, T. (2024) · SAE International journal of vehicle dynamics, stability, and NVH · doi:10.4271/10-08-01-0008 · Cited by 5
Probability of Net Superiority for Comparing Two Groups or Group Means
Huang, H. (2023) · Lobachevskii Journal of Mathematics · doi:10.1134/s1995080223110173 · Cited by 5
“05 ’ and ‘statistically signi fi cant’ in statistical analysis [6].”
Silva, D. A. D., Anderson, E. A., Kim, J., Lee, M. T., & Thoma, M. E. (2024) · Breastfeeding Medicine · doi:10.1089/bfm.2023.0126 · Cited by 5
Wong, B. J., Turner, C. G., Hayat, M. J., et al. (2024) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.16021 · Cited by 5
“The p values do not provide information as to the magnitude of observed differences and statistical guidelines are to not report p values alone (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundEffectiveness of Company Value Creation Based on Excess Market Value-Added Assessment
Kaczmarek, J. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16093711 · Cited by 5
Poulain, M., Rosinski, E., Henri, H., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1386458 · Cited by 5
“Because calculating p -values from linear mixed effect model is complex and subject to controversy (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016; Wasserstein et al., 2019), p-values estimated using the lmerTest R package (Kuznetsova et al., 2017) are only specified in Supplementary Tables S2, S4, S5.”
MethodDavis, J. M. V., Meares, T. L., & Arnesen, E. (2024) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-024-09584-5 · Cited by 6
“Recent debates in the statistics literature on the value of hypothesis testing have emphasized that a focus on effect sizes and confidence intervals may better address whether a hypothesis is correct than the traditional focus on p-values (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016; Benjamin et al. 2018).”
Deffert, F., Vilela, A. P. O., Cobre, A. D. F., et al. (2024) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmae029 · Cited by 5
Lessons from Hubble and Spitzer: 1D Self-consistent Model Grids for 19 Hot Jupiter Emission Spectra
Wiser, L. S., Line, M. R., Welbanks, L., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad5097 · Cited by 5
Brusco, N. K., Ekegren, C. L., Morris, M. E., Hill, K., Lee, A. L., Somerville, L., Lannin, N. A., Abdelmotaleb, R., Callaway, L., Whittaker, S. L., et al. (2024) · Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2024.101867 · Cited by 7
Does living close to allergenic street trees affect lung function in German adults?
Baumbach, C., Berger, U., Radon, K., Nowak, D., & Heinrich, J. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.120068 · Cited by 5
Conner, T. S., Gillies, N. A., Worthington, A., Bermingham, E. N., Haszard, J. J., Knowles, S. O., Bernstein, D. R., Cameron‐Smith, D., & Braakhuis, A. J. (2024) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104507 · Cited by 5
Castán-Lascorz, M. Á., Moreno, A., & Arroyo, J. (2025) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2025.103945 · Cited by 5
Mostly Harmless Econometrics? Statistical Modeling Paradigms in the ‘Top Five’ From 2000 to 2018
Engler, J., Beeck, J. J., & von Wehrden, H. (2022) · Journal of Economic Methodology · doi:10.1080/1350178x.2025.2468462 · Cited by 6
“However, by construction, even a large p -value does not constitute evidence in favor of H 0 , it only constitutes evidence that it would be unreasonable to reject H 0 with data X (see, e.g. Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Cissé, A., Englander, G., & Ingram, D. J. (2025) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.70023 · Cited by 6
“…while the inset on the right highlights Kinshasa (green triangle) within the Democratic Republic of the Congo (grey). the treatment effects, and we compare their consistency and interpretive validity across the different parts of our experiments (McShane et al., 2019; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016 ).”
Michalková, M., Bacigál, T., Čahojová, L., Dyderski, M. K., Jarolímek, I., Nemček, V., Slabejová, D., & Šibíková, M. (2025) · Plant Ecology · doi:10.1007/s11258-025-01520-2 · Cited by 5
“Although the result is not statistically significant, it represents a biologically relevant effect size (Wasserstein & Lazar 2016).”
Tedeschi, L. O. (2025) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skaf136 · Cited by 6
“As sample size increases, even minor effects can become statistically significant, potentially leading to overint-erpretation of weak relationships (Lin et al., 2013; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
Dalecki, A. G., & Wolschendorf, F. (2016) · Journal of Microbiological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2016.04.013 · Cited by 5
Beyond p-values in the evaluation of brain-computer interfaces: A Bayesian estimation approach.
Melinščak, F., & Montesano, L. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.06.008 · Cited by 7
Twenty-year changes in riparian bird communities of east-central Oregon
Ellis, M. S., Kennedy, P. L., Edge, W. D., et al. (2019) · The Wilson Journal of Ornithology · doi:10.1676/18-35 · Cited by 5
Guzowski, P., & Poniat, R. (2015) · Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski · doi:10.18276/pdp.2015.2.37-04 · Cited by 5
Muhsin, J. M. (2016) · Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology · Cited by 5
Hendrix, J. A., & Dollar, C. B. (2017) · Organization & Environment · doi:10.1177/1086026617697038 · Cited by 5
“In accordance with calls by the American Statistical Association (e.g., Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), we report directional relationships as well as statistical significance.”
BackgroundGerlovina, I., van der Laan, M. J., & Hubbard, A. (2017) · The International Journal of Biostatistics · doi:10.1515/ijb-2017-0012 · Cited by 5
Audit quality and attributes of management earnings forecasts
Chi, Y.-H., & Ziebart, D. A. (2017) · Review of Accounting and Finance · doi:10.1108/raf-01-2015-0003 · Cited by 5
Scaling of the surface vasculature on the human placenta
Leonard, A. S., Lee, J., Schubert, D., Croen, L., Fallin, M. D., Newschaffer, C. J., Walker, C. K., Salafia, C. M., Morgan, S. P., & Vvedensky, D. D. (2017) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.96.040401 · Cited by 5
Robertson, J. (2018) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789463511438 · Cited by 7
“…claim sex differences If you join the dots between an increase in studies about sex differences and the criticisms about the major flaws in commonly used statistical methods across the sciences and social sciences (Ziliak & McCloskey, 2008; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), it gets rather worrying.”
MethodBayesian prediction intervals for assessing P-value variability in prospective replication studies
Vsevolozhskaya, O. A., Ruiz, G., & Zaykin, D. V. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-017-0024-3 · Cited by 5
Alcohol Priming and Attribution of Blame in an Acquaintance Rape Vignette
Stepanova, E. V., & Brown, A. L. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517744762 · Cited by 5
Morgan, B., Chen, S. Y., Christopher, D., et al. (2018) · AAPS PharmSciTech · doi:10.1208/s12249-017-0941-8 · Cited by 5
Berenson, M. L., Koppel, N. B., Lord, R. A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Statistics Education · doi:10.1080/10691898.2018.1426399 · Cited by 5
“Wasserstein and Lazar (2016) recently published the American Statistical Association’s position on the concept of p-value, stating that: Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.”
BackgroundSmaller clinical trials for decision making; using p-values could be costly
Graves, N., Barnett, A. G., Burn, E., & Cook, D. (2018) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.15522.1 · Cited by 6
Campos-Sánchez, F. S., Abarca-Álvarez, F. J., Serra-Coch, G., et al. (2019) · EURE (Santiago) · doi:10.4067/s0250-71612019000100005 · Cited by 5
Statistical fallacies & errors can also jeopardize life & health of many
Indrayan, A. (2018) · The Indian Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_853_18 · Cited by 5
Speaking on Data’s Behalf: What Researchers Say and How Audiences Choose
Chandler, J. J., Martínez, I., Finucane, M., Terziev, J., & Resch, A. M. (2019) · Evaluation review · doi:10.1177/0193841x19834968 · Cited by 1
“In part because of the persistent misinterpretations of p values, the American Statistical Association released a statement in March 2016 calling for the use of alternative methods including Bayesian methods (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodEmbracing uncertainty: The days of statistical significance are numbered
Davidson, A. J. (2019) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/pan.13721 · Cited by 7
2017 U.S. Air Force Community Feedback Tool: Key Results Report for Air Force Headquarters
Sims, C. S., Miller, L., Trail, T. E., Woods, D., Kofner, A., Rutter, C., Posard, M. N., Hall, O., & Kleykamp, M. A. (2019) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr3084 · Cited by 5
Bayesian multiple hypotheses testing in compositional analysis of untargeted metabolomic data
de Sousa, J., Vencálek, O., Hron, K., Václavík, J., Friedecký, D., & Adam, T. (2019) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2019.11.006 · Cited by 6
Ngoy, K. I., & Shebitz, D. J. (2019) · Environments · doi:10.3390/environments6120125 · Cited by 5
Desquilbet, L. (2020) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.256.2.187 · Cited by 5
Constructing confidence intervals for selected parameters
Zhao, H., & Cui, X. (2020) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/biom.13222 · Cited by 5
“1School of Statistics and Management, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, China 2Department of Statistics, Center for Plant Cell Biology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA Correspondence: Haibing Zhao, School of Statistics and Management, Shanghai…”
BackgroundInfluentialOn Reproducible and Replicable Gerontology
Estabrook, R. (2020) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000504574 · Cited by 5
Fukuda, Y., Masani, K., & Yamaguchi, T. (2020) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109702 · Cited by 5
“This approach employs the probability of difference as an alternative to the classical methods of hypothesis significance testing using p -values such as t -testing (Benjamin et al., 2018; Quintana and Williams, 2018; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
MethodDetecting Evidential Value and P-Hacking With the P-curve tool: A Word of Caution
Erdfelder, E., & Heck, D. W. (2019) · doi:10.23668/psycharchives.2399 · Cited by 5
Impacts of a Home Visiting Program Enhanced with Content on Healthy Birth Spacing
Zief, S. G., Deke, J., Burkander, P., Langan, A., & Asheer, S. (2020) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-020-02968-6 · Cited by 5
The role of ports in the dynamics of urban hierarchies
Lugo, I., Alatriste‐Contreras, M. G., & Pumain, D. (2020) · Maritime Policy & Management · doi:10.1080/03088839.2020.1803429 · Cited by 5
“However, the scientific context of these values suggest that the relationship is weak due to the presence of non-continuous, spatial attributes and the level of aggregate data (Griffith and Arbia 2010; Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundArkes, J. A. (2020) · Econometrics · doi:10.3390/econometrics8030036 · Cited by 5
“There have been similar calls for teaching statistical analysis beyond the “p-value” approach over the last few decades—e.g., Gigerenzer (2004), Wasserstein and Wasserstein and Lazar (2016), and Wasserstein et al. (2019).”
MethodThe New Statistics for applied linguistics
Mulder, G. (2020) · Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1075/dujal.19019.mul · Cited by 4
Begum, M., Chittleborough, C., Pilkington, R. M., Mittinty, M., Lynch, J. W., Penno, M. A. S., & Smithers, L. G. (2020) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.15104 · Cited by 5
Predicting Movie Success Using Regression Techniques
Razeen, F., Sankar, S., Banu, W. A., et al. (2020) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-5566-4_59 · Cited by 5
Li, Q., Pittenger, D. M., Wang, K. C. P., et al. (2020) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.1177/0361198120953153 · Cited by 5
Hengartner, M. P., & Plöderl, M. (2020) · International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine · doi:10.3233/jrs-200033 · Cited by 5
“It is also possible that the C-SSRS assessment had produced false-positive results [29,30].”
Ehsani, S. (2020) · Future of business and finance · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41309-5_13 · Cited by 6
“What exactly is uncertainty, and is it possible to postulate theories that go beyond a statistical description of uncertainty? For example, the American Statistical Association has recently emphasized that a p-value is “a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement…”
BackgroundDriving with Data in the Motor City: Understanding and Predicting Fleet Maintenance Patterns
Gardner, J., Mroueh, J., Jenuwine, N. M., Waverdyck, N., Krassenstein, S., Farahi, A., & Koutra, D. (2020) · International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics · doi:10.1109/dsaa49011.2020.00052 · Cited by 4
“Finally, the extensive use of frequentist statistical significance testing in DSM [5], where a t-test is applied to every subsequence evaluated, can lead to spurious results and “statistically significant” results which merely reflect large sample sizes, not large effect sizes [6].”
MethodLam, H. K. N., Lau, W. M., & Lau, T. L. (2021) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-020-00729-0 · Cited by 5
Amirehsani, K. A., Hu, J., Wallace, D. C., & McCoy, T. P. (2021) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/0145721720983221 · Cited by 5
“05 was considered statistically significant and is reported along with effect size (AOR) and effect size precision (95% CI).(34)”
BackgroundSuzuki, J. (2021) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14780 · Cited by 5
Hanin, L. G. (2021) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math9060603 · Cited by 5
“Belatedly, the American Statistical Association has issued in 2016 a formal position statement on p‐values [16] followed in 2019 by an editorial and a broad discussion in The American Statistician of how to transition to the world beyond p < 0.”
BackgroundKloecker, D. E., Davies, M. J., Khunti, K., & Zaccardi, F. (2021) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14384 · Cited by 5
“Consequently, statisticians have called for more cautious use of the P value (and indeed confidence intervals), counselling against basing scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions on whether a P value passes a specific threshold and encouraging researchers to refrain from selective reporting of analyses…”
BackgroundIndoor particulate matter and blood heavy metals in housewives: A repeated measured study
Lee, D., Oh, J., Ye, S., et al. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111013 · Cited by 5
Home sleep monitoring based on wrist movement data processing
Pan, Q., Brulin, D., & Campo, É. (2021) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2021.02.117 · Cited by 5
Black swans in astronomical data
Kipping, D. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1129 · Cited by 5
Letanneux, A., Velay, J., Viallet, F., & Pinto, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.624026 · Cited by 5
“Estimated effect sizes are reported as partial eta squared (η(2)p; Lakens, 2013; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
MethodTigges, S., Krupinski, E. A., Luhanga, U., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American College of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2021.03.013 · Cited by 5
Kelter, R. (2021) · Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation · doi:10.1080/00949655.2021.1925278 · Cited by 5
Medical ethics when moving towards non-anonymous gamete donation: the views of donors and recipients
Silva, S., de Freitas, C., & Silva, S. (2021) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/medethics-2020-106947 · Cited by 5
Butow, P. N., Davies, G., Napier, C. E., Bartley, N., Ballinger, M. L., Biesecker, B. B., Juraskova, I., Meiser, B., Schlub, T. E., Thomas, D. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1002/jgc4.1455 · Cited by 5
“The American Statistical Association statement on p- values provides further guidance on interpreting statistical results including p- values (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundMultiplicity Eludes Peer Review: The Case of COVID-19 Research
Gutiérrez-Hernández, O., & García, L. V. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179304 · Cited by 5
“Nevertheless, interpreting the p-value requires a proper context [34], and understanding the limitations and variability of p-values is also crucial for interpreting results correctly [35].”
BackgroundGarcía-Solís, F., Rau, J. R., & Niklitschek, E. J. (2021) · Land · doi:10.3390/land11010040 · Cited by 6
Nishiyama, S., Kurachi, M., Higuchi, Y., Takahashi, T., Sasabayashi, D., Mizukami, Y., & Suzuki, M. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.020 · Cited by 6
Helping reviewers assess statistical analysis: A case study from analytic methods
Kenett, R. S., & Francq, B. (2022) · Analytical Science Advances · doi:10.1002/ansa.202000159 · Cited by 4
Kelter, R. (2022) · The R Journal · doi:10.32614/rj-2022-009 · Cited by 5
Babu, S. S., Povýšil, J., Hruška, M., et al. (2022) · Acta Technologica Agriculturae · doi:10.2478/ata-2022-0019 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
