The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
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24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
Citations
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“According to the statement of American Statistical Association (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), the present study used the Bayesian data analysis for statistical analysis, instead of p value as in null hypothesis significance testing, such as ANOVA and post- hoc test.”
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“In some fields, it is therefore now mandatory to report effect sizes in addition or instead of p-values [94].”
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“In the inferential framework, the desired relevance of a statistical relationship in the general population is ensured by formal mathematical proofs and is not commonly ascertained by explicit model evaluation on independent data (10, 27).”
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Shackman, G. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3060080 · Cited by 6
More Confidence Intervals and Fewer p Values
Tijssen, J. G. P. (2021) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.02.004 · Cited by 6
Costa, J. H., Mohanapriya, G., Bharadwaj, R., Noceda, C., Thiers, K. L. L., Aziz, S., Srivastava, S., Oliveira, M., Gupta, K. J., Kumari, A., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.447491 · Cited by 6
Costa, J. H., Aziz, S. R., Noceda, C., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.10.18.464828 · Cited by 6
Duy, V. N. L., Iwazaki, S., & Takeuchi, I. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2010.01823 · Cited by 6
Everything Matters: The ReproNim Perspective on Reproducible NeuroimagingPreprint
Kennedy, D. N., Ghosh, S., Gillespie, T., et al. (2018) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/u78a6 · Cited by 6
Lanier, M., Waddell, T. F., Elson, M., Tamul, D., Ivory, J., & Przybylski, A. K. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6hk89 · Cited by 7
What is a Bayes Factor?Preprint
Schmalz, X., Manresa, J. A. B., & Zhang, L. (2020) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/vgqbt · Cited by 6
A Biased Review of Biases in Twitter Studies on Political Collective Action
Cihon, P., & Yasseri, T. (2016) · Frontiers in Physics · doi:10.3389/fphy.2016.00034 · Cited by 46
“Twitter data ultimately comes from the Twitter platform.”
BackgroundSun, J., Zhang, R., Murphy, J., & Zhang, S. (2024) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x231217226 · Cited by 12
“…et al., 2021), American Psychological Association ’ s Journal Article Reporting Standards (APA Style JARS) — Quantitative Meta-Analysis Article Reporting Standards , and American Statistical Association (ASA) Statement on P-Values and Statistical Signi fi cance (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundA Good check on the Bayes factor
Sekulovski, N., Marsman, M., & Wagenmakers, E. (2024) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-024-02491-4 · Cited by 5
“…testing and model comparison has been catalyzed by a growing critique of traditional frequentist null hypothesis significance testing methods (e.g., Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016; Wagenmakers, 2007; Cohen, 1994; Wagenmakers et al., 2018b; Benjamin et al., 2018; for an early critique see Edwards et…”
MethodInstitutional Anomie Theory and Country-Level Public Corruption
Santos, M. R., Moule, R. K., Testa, A. M., & Weiss, D. B. (2024) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2024.2414810 · Cited by 6
“Because we are not trying to make statistical inferences from a sample, we focus on the magnitude of our coefficients instead of relying on p-values for drawing conclusions (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Kerr, J. A., Dumuid, D., Downes, M., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2024.101231 · Cited by 5
Spence, D. W., Bonamente, M., Ahoranta, J., et al. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2590 · Cited by 5
Leocádio, V. A., Verona, A. P., & Wajnman, S. (2024) · Genus · doi:10.1186/s41118-024-00234-z · Cited by 5
“Preferably, interpretations should prioritize acknowledging different levels of uncertainty 5 (Amrhein et al., 2019; Bernardi et al., 2017; Bijak, 2019; Hoem, 2008; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Holder, N. D., Batten, A. J., Shiner, B. R., & Maguen, S. (2025) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x241304072 · Cited by 6
“35,36 Further, we considered variables with a standardized mean difference of at least 10% between delivery modalities to be structurally important variables to be included in multivariable analyses.”
Clark, D. S., Tingey, B., Shi, J. L., & Somerson, J. S. (2025) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/03635465241302797 · Cited by 5
“36 More nuanced measures are needed to give full context and understanding to the results of a study.”
Integrating a High Blood Pressure Advisory Across a Primary Care Network
Phadke, A., Weng, Y., Brown‐Johnson, C. G., Winget, M., Mahoney, M. R., Sharp, C., Sattler, A. L., Shah, S., Desai, M., Ng, S., et al. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.7313 · Cited by 5
Research methods in genetic counseling: Statistical approaches and resources
Helm, B. M., & Wetherill, L. F. (2025) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1002/jgc4.70042 · Cited by 5
“Principles: American Statistical Association Misconceptions (Goodman's “Dirty Dozen”) a Wasserstein and Lazar (2016) 1. p - values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a pre specified statistical model 2. p - values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true or the probability that t…”
InfluentialStrategies for self-management of painful intercourse among female pregnancy planners
Bond, J. C., Schildroth, S., White, K. O., Fisher, R. L., Pukall, C. F., Abrams, J. A., & Wise, L. A. (2025) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf100 · Cited by 5
Li, Y., Hong, Q., Yin, J., et al. (2025) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2025.114364 · Cited by 5
Huang, K., Zhang, H., Cui, G., Wang, Y., Yin, M., & Du, J. (2025) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108555 · Cited by 5
Introduction to Quantitative Research
Almusaed, A., Almssad, A., & Yitmen, İ. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-97393-2_15 · Cited by 15
Morariu, F. E., Zoican, E. C., Horablaga, M. N., et al. (2025) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2025.127780 · Cited by 5
Yin, L., Li, W., Shao, W., Hou, X., Liu, B., Liu, X., Liu, R., & Huang, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1669856 · Cited by 6
The P Value: What It Is and What It Is Not
Habibzadeh, F. (2025) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2025.40.e321 · Cited by 7
Nelson, C. A., Waschka, L., & Hunter, G. K. (2025) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2025.11.007 · Cited by 9
From significant to meaningful: ATOMizing the study of sex differences and similarities
Sanchis‐Segura, C., Forn, C., & Wilcox, R. R. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2025.101228 · Cited by 6
RetractedExploring the proper use of p-values and confidence intervals in leading epidemiology journals
Hunter, M. K., Russell, A. J., Maldonado, G., & Burstyn, I. (2026) · Global Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.gloepi.2026.100247 · Cited by 6
“Combining these approaches within NHST without careful attention to their assumptions can foster confusion and misinterpretation in health research [7,8].”
Sumikama, T., Fukuda, N., Kubo, T., et al. (2026) · Journal of the Physical Society of Japan · doi:10.7566/jpsj.95.024202 · Cited by 5
Straub, L., Hernández–Dı́az, S., Bateman, B. T., Zhu, Y., Mogun, H., Wisner, K. L., Gray, K. J., Lester, B. M., McDougle, C. J., Pennell, P. B., et al. (2026) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2025-085725 · Cited by 6
“76 The study was approved by the institutional review board of Brigham and Women’s Hospital, which waived the need for informed consent.”
Amoxicillin-Clavulanate vs Amoxicillin for Acute Sinusitis in Adults
Savage, T. J., Butler, A. M., Kronman, M. P., Durkin, M. J., Sreedhara, S. K., Kabbani, S., Hicks, L. A., & Huybrechts, K. F. (2026) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.26902 · Cited by 6
Fifty percent of anaesthetists are worse than average at understanding statistics and risk
Gibbison, B. (2016) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.13690 · Cited by 5
“outcome, given the risks and benefits of each in this circumstance and in this patient” and the easy question is: “is there a statistically significant difference between saline and albumin in the SAFE study [5]”? Indeed, the reliance on the pvalue in biological science has recently been criticised by the American Sta…”
BackgroundBDNF ValMet polymorphism tunes frontolimbic circuitry during affective contextual learning
Jabbi, M., Cropp, B., Nash, T. A., Kohn, P. D., Kippenhan, J. S., Masdeu, J. C., Mattay, R., Kolachana, B. S., & Berman, K. F. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.08.080 · Cited by 5
“To adhere to proper inference and full reporting and transparency, we followed the recent American Statistical Association's guidelines (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016) and avoided excluding a priori related findings that did not survive a specific correction.”
MethodType I error convergence of three hypothesis tests for small RxC contingency tables
Auken, R. M. V., & Kebschull, S. A. (2021) · RMS Research in Mathematics & Statistics · doi:10.1080/27658449.2021.1934959 · Cited by 6
“See [Box, Hunter, and Hunter, 1978, p. 109] and (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Agley, J. D., Xiao, Y., Thompson, E. E., & Golzarri‐Arroyo, L. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/45482 · Cited by 5
“We committed to reporting exact P values and to being cautious in our interpretations [42].”
Birth outcomes following pelvic ring injury: A retrospective study
Hsu, C., Lai, C., Chueh, H., et al. (2023) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.17487 · Cited by 5
Pink, N., Liddell, A., González‐Chica, D. A., et al. (2023) · Australian Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/ajr.13032 · Cited by 5
Alexander, M., & Machado, L. (2024) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-024-01177-1 · Cited by 7
“Considering recommendations against overreliance on p -values and that effect sizes should also be taken as meaningful (Andrade 2019; Wasserstein and Lazar 2016; Wasserstein et al. 2019), we interpreted at least medium effect sizes ( ƞp 2 = 0.06, g = 0.50, φ = 0.30, r = 0.30) as results of interest…”
ResultInfluentialEnvironmental impact assessments should include rigorous scientific peer review
Hughes, R. M., Chambers, D. M., DellaSala, D. A., et al. (2024) · Water Biology and Security · doi:10.1016/j.watbs.2024.100269 · Cited by 5
“(5) Unreasonable p values are set (McGarvey, 2007; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
Case study in machine learning for predicting moderate pressure plasma behavior
Hussain, S., Lary, D. J., Hara, K., Bera, K., Rauf, S., & Goeckner, M. (2024) · Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A Vacuum Surfaces and Films · doi:10.1116/6.0003434 · Cited by 5
Automatic language ability assessment method based on natural language processing
Nnamoko, N., Karaminis, T. N., Procter, J., Barrowclough, J., & Korkontzelos, I. (2024) · Natural Language Processing Journal · doi:10.1016/j.nlp.2024.100094 · Cited by 6
Schwartz, N. E., & Garland, T. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.249213 · Cited by 5
Periconceptional dietary quality and metabolic syndrome at 3 years postpartum
Bodnar, L. M., Jin, Q., Naimi, A. I., Simhan, H. N., Catov, J. M., Parisi, S. M., & Kirkpatrick, S. I. (2024) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.124.035555 · Cited by 5
Endogenous pain modulation after sleep restriction in migraine: a blinded crossover study
Neverdahl, J. P., Uglem, M., Matre, D., Nilsen, K. B., Hagen, K., Gravdahl, G. B., Sand, T., & Omland, P. M. (2024) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-024-01879-z · Cited by 5
“This interpretation is in line with recent recommendations [60, 100], but we also recognise that the interpretation of p -values is challenging and debated [59].”
MethodResultInfluentialRudolph, L., & Thurner, P. W. (2024) · European Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s1755773924000109 · Cited by 4
“…groups, we follow the current convention of labeling findings with p < 0 : 05 as “ statistically significant, ” being aware of the shortcomings of such thresholds (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016; Gill 1999), where prominent calls have been made for much stricter cut-offs (Benjamin et al. 2018).”
Nissen, J., Dusen, B. V., & Kukday, S. S. (2024) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.22000 · Cited by 8
Improving carbon-reduced catalytic gasification of microalgae for biohydrogen production
Akça, Ö., Chen, J., Dai, L., Cobb, K., Cheng, Y., Chen, P. L., Lei, H., & Ruan, R. R. (2024) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2024.103797 · Cited by 5
Inferring species extinction from sighting data
McCrea, R. S., Cheale, T., Campillo-Funollet, E., et al. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Extinction · doi:10.1017/ext.2024.18 · Cited by 5
“The issue of deciding upon an appropriate threshold (significance level, α ) todraw this conclusion isof coursechallenging, and there is considerable current literature on the subjectivity of p-values – see for example Wasserstein and Lazar (2016).”
Distributional moderation analysis: Unpacking moderation effects in intervention research
Wiedermann, W., Reinke, W. M., & Herman, K. C. (2024) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2024.101399 · Cited by 5
Koninckx, P. R., Ussia, A., Stepanian, A. A., Sarıdoğan, E., Malzoni, M., Miller, C. E., Keckstein, J., Wattiez, A., Page, G., Bosteels, J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14010248 · Cited by 6
“…of results, the p -value fallacy [12], the inappropriate use of post hoc subgroup analysis [13], the inappropriate use of frequentist statistics [14], and the indirect evidence that most published research findings must be wrong [15], requiring the de-implementation of some health-care…”
Guérette, É.-A., Paton‐Walsh, C., Desservettaz, M., Reisen, F., Surawski, N. C., Meyer, C. P. M., Roulston, C. T., Sullivan, A. L., Weston, C. J., & Volkova, L. (2025) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf24117 · Cited by 6
Intestinal Effects of Brewers’ Spent Grain Extract In Ovo (Gallus gallus)—A Pilot Study
Huang, M. Y., Smieska, L., & Tako, E. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15030303 · Cited by 6
“Raw p values are included in text to allow readers to interpret the level of significance [43].”
Have students’ perceptions of cheating changed post-pandemic?
Felski, E. A. (2025) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2024.2437057 · Cited by 6
“Wasserstein and Lazar (2016) noted that p -values do not measure the size of an effect or the importance of the results.”
Mansour, M. A., Baradwan, S., Shama, A. A. A., Mahmoud, M. A., Abouelnour, A. S., Mohamed, A. M. A., Elkhouly, A. F. H., Elsayed, A. H. I., Rashed, Z. F., Abdelhakim, A. M., et al. (2025) · Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.bjane.2025.844606 · Cited by 5
“30 The heterogeneity of the studies was evaluated using the I-squared (I 2 ) statistic and the chi-square test.”
A Prospective Ultrasound Study of Whole Blood Metals and Incidence of Uterine Leiomyomata
Geller, R. J., Wesselink, A. K., Henn, B. C., Upson, K., Vinceti, M., Harmon, Q. E., Baird, D. D., Wegienka, G., & Wise, L. A. (2025) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp15218 · Cited by 5
Bujang, M. A. (2025) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/bmri/6703756 · Cited by 8
“Ignoring these elements can lead to spurious conclusions that overstate the strength or validity of fi ndings [13, 14].”
How can we improve statistical training in archaeological science?
Vaiglova, P. (2025) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2025.106220 · Cited by 8
Ocean soundscapes and trends from 2003 to 2021: 10–100 Hz
Ainslie, M. A., Robinson, S. P., Harris, P. M., et al. (2025) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/10.0036831 · Cited by 5
Statistical Analysis in Allergy and Immunology: A Review With Practical Examples
Ordak, M., Paoletti, G., Bona, D. D., et al. (2025) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.70013 · Cited by 5
“The ASA cautioned against relying on arbitrary thresholds (such as p 0.05) for declaring results as “statistically significant,” and instead encouraged more nuanced interpretation that considers study design, context, and effect sizes [31].”
InfluentialSheingold, S. H., Zuckerman, R. B., Lew, N. D., et al. (2018) · Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law · doi:10.1215/03616878-4366160 · Cited by 5
The Statistical Curriculum Within Randomized Controlled Trials in Critical Illness*
McCullough, J. P., Lipman, J., & Presneill, J. (2018) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000003380 · Cited by 5
What is the threshold for a clinical minimally important drug effect?
Hengartner, M. P. (2018) · BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2018-111056 · Cited by 5
“13 ‘Informally, a p-value is the probability under a specified statistical model that a statistical summary of the data (eg, the sample mean difference between two compared groups) would be equal to or more extreme than its observed value’ (American Statistical Association, p 131).(14) If a statistical model is inadeq…”
BackgroundAnnals Understanding Clinical Research: Interpreting Results With Large P Values
Liao, J. M., Stack, C. B., & Goodman, S. N. (2018) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m18-2003 · Cited by 5
“Recognizing this, the American Statistical Association issued a policy statement on statistical significance that attempted to discourage this practice and dispel the notion that any “single index should substitute for scientific reasoning” (1).”
BackgroundIntroducing the new statistics in the classroom.
Normile, C. J., Bloesch, E. K., Davoli, C. C., & Scherr, K. C. (2019) · Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology · doi:10.1037/stl0000141 · Cited by 6
An Opinion Regarding Equivalence Testing for Evaluating Measurement Agreement
Adamakis, M. (2019) · Journal of Scientific Research and Reports · doi:10.9734/jsrr/2019/v24i530163 · Cited by 5
“For this reason, the use of methods that emphasize estimation over testing was suggested, such as confidence, credibility, or prediction intervals and Bayesian methods [6].”
MethodThe Threshold of Clinical Significance
Yueh, B. (2019) · JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2019.3741 · Cited by 5
Incidental findings on multimodel comparison, hypothesis testing error, and its solution
Lim, W. M., & Mandrinos, S. (2020) · AJIS. Australasian journal of information systems/AJIS. Australian journal of information systems/Australian journal of information systems · doi:10.3127/ajis.v24i0.2555 · Cited by 5
“…to reduce the probability of type two error, and that reporting effect size (i.e., the narrowness of the confidence interval) is encouraged to avoid misinterpretation and to enrich interpretation of study results (Banerjee et al., 2009; Biau et al., 2010; Rothman, 2010; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundMethodResultKlauenberg, K., & Elster, C. (2019) · tm - Technisches Messen · doi:10.1515/teme-2019-0148 · Cited by 5
Bayesian Hypothesis Testing for Hospitality and Tourism Research
Assaf, A. G., & Tsionas, M. G. (2020) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research · doi:10.1177/1096348020947327 · Cited by 5
“…probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone,” and that “scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold” (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016, p. 131).”
BackgroundWu, Y., Zhou, C., Wang, R., Ye, X., Yang, L., Li, C., Hu, M., & Cong, W. (2020) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12595 · Cited by 7
Should We Test the Model Assumptions Before Running a Model-based Test?
Shamsudheen, I., & Hennig, C. M. (2023) · Journal of Data Science Statistics and Visualisation · doi:10.52933/jdssv.v3i3.73 · Cited by 8
“The binary nature of statistical tests has recently been controversially discussed (Wasser-stein and Lazar (2016)).”
BackgroundUlrich, P., & Rieg, R. (2020) · Corporate Ownership and Control · doi:10.22495/cocv18i1siart1 · Cited by 6
“Following the suggestion of the American Statistical Association, this study employs the so-called estimation approach instead (Cumming, 2014; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodZimmermann, C. R., & Keynton, R. (2021) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2021.1890567 · Cited by 5
“Here it is important to note that we acknowledge that statistical significance and the misuse of p-values are debated amongst statisticians (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundSparse estimations in kink regression model
Yamaka, W. (2021) · Soft Computing · doi:10.1007/s00500-021-05797-z · Cited by 5
“Besides, the validity of the p-value has been questioned in many works and was recently banned by the American Statistical Association in 2016 (see Wasserstein and Lazar 2016; Maneejuk and Yamaka 2020).”
BackgroundCanonical noise distributions and private hypothesis tests
Awan, J., & Vadhan, S. (2023) · The Annals of Statistics · doi:10.1214/23-aos2259 · Cited by 5
“While recently there has been controversy around the use of p-values in scientific research [Colquhoun, 2017; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016], this is mostly due to the mis-use or misinterpretation of a p-value.”
MethodStatistically significant? Let us recognize that estimates of tested effects are uncertain
Bultez, A. V., Derbaix, C. M., & Herrmann, J.-L. (2021) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition) · doi:10.1177/20515707211040743 · Cited by 5
“Our article echoes repeated calls from statisticians warning against addiction to confrontation of p to this unwarranted and hard-and-fast 5%-cap rule (Amrhein et al., 2019a; Wasserstein et al., 2019; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundMethodStatistical and Practical Significance of Articles at Sports Biomechanics Conferences
Hasan, U. C. (2021) · Annals of Applied Sport Science · doi:10.52547/aassjournal.947 · Cited by 5
“Therefore, p-value does not provide evidence for a particular model or hypothesis (16).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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