The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Construct Validity of the Need to Belong Scale: Mapping the Nomological Network
Abstract
Nine studies examined the construct validity of the Need to Belong Scale. The desire for acceptance and belonging correlated with, but was distinct from, variables that involve a desire for social contact, such as extraversion and affiliation motivation. Furthermore, need to belong scores were not related to insecure attachment or unfulfilled needs for acceptance. Need to belong was positively correlated with extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism and with having an identity that is defined in terms of social attributes. Need to belong was associated with emotional reactions to rejection, values involving interpersonal relationships, and subclinical manifestations of certain personality disorders.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The need to belong scale (Cronbach’s α = 0.743) was adapted from Leary et al. (2013).”
From From humans to AI: understanding why AI is perceived as the preferred co-creation partner (2025) · cites this paper as Leary et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“The internal reliability of the NTBS was good (a = .83)(Leary, Kelly, Cottrell, & Schreindorfer, 2013).”
From THE ROLE OF INTIMACY, BELONGING, SELF-ESTEEM INTHE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ANXIOUS, AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT AND FORGIVENESS AMONG MARRIED IRANIAN WOMEN (2021) · cites this paper as Leary, Kelly, Cottrell, & Schreindorfer, 2013
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245
Self-citationDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
&NA; (1988) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-198802020-00022 · Cited by 12,603
Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5 · Cited by 11,696
Construct validity in psychological tests.
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0040957 · Cited by 11,195
Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A New Source of Inexpensive, Yet High-Quality, Data?
Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610393980 · Cited by 9,996
Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.61.2.226 · Cited by 6,009
UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure
Russell, D. W. (1996) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2 · Cited by 5,800
Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-1841 · Cited by 5,386
The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472 · Cited by 5,173
A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys: Results From Two Population-Based Studies
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027504268574 · Cited by 4,781
Running experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk
Paolacci, G., Chandler, J., & Ipeirotis, P. G. (2010) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500002205 · Cited by 3,767
Handbook of personality theory and research
Wilson, G. (1991) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90043-b · Cited by 3,562
Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety.
Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027806 · Cited by 3,467
Positive Events and Social Supports as Buffers of Life Change Stress 1
Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. M. (1983) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb02325.x · Cited by 2,675
Measuring the Functional Components of Social Support
Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarck, T., & Hoberman, H. M. (1985) · Social Support: Theory, Research and Applications · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5115-0_5 · Cited by 2,296
Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships
Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1327 · Cited by 2,110 · cited 4×
“Internal reliability is high (α = .83), and research supports the validity of the RSQ as a measure of the degree to which people are anxiously concerned about rejection (e.g., Ayduk, Gyurak, & Luerssen, 2008; Downey & Feldman, 1996; Downey, Freitas, Michaelis, & Khouri, 1998).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHandbook of individual differences in social behavior
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-3482 · Cited by 2,011
Louttit, C. M. (1939) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0052650 · Cited by 1,993
Progress of Veterinary Science.
Jackson, D. N. (1882) · PubMed Central · Cited by 1,971
Murray, H. A., & McAdams, D. P. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305067.001.0001 · Cited by 1,876
Personality disorders and the five factor model of personality
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1990) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1990.4.4.362 · Cited by 1,653
Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization model.
Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.641 · Cited by 1,590
Self-citation(1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,350
Cheek, J. M., & Buss, A. H. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.2.330 · Cited by 1,317
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory manual
Millon, T. (1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,241
Preliminary development of a scale of social support: Studies on college students
Barrera, M., Sandler, I. N., & Ramsay, T. B. (1981) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf00918174 · Cited by 1,218
Social Integration and Certain Corollaries: An Exploratory Study
Srole, L. (1956) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2088422 · Cited by 1,028
Smart Richman, L., & Leary, M. R. (2009) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0015250 · Cited by 942
Self-citationAttachment Theory and Close Relationships
Chazan, S. E. (1999) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1999.53.2.269 · Cited by 894
Getting a cue: the need to belong and enhanced sensitivity to social cues
Pickett, C. L., Gardner, W. L., & Knowles, M. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203262085 · Cited by 862
Proceedings of the British Academy, 1937
(1939) · Notes and Queries · doi:10.1093/nq/176.25.449 · Cited by 773
Alienation: Its Meaning and Measurement
Dean, D. G. (1961) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2090204 · Cited by 771
Social Anxiousness: The Construct and Its Measurement
Leary, M. R. (1983) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4701_8 · Cited by 754
Self-citationDisorders of personality : DSM-IV and beyond
Millon, T., & Davis, R. D. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 753
Interpersonal Rejection as a Determinant of Anger and Aggression
Leary, M. R., Twenge, J. M., & Quinlivan, E. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_2 · Cited by 748
Self-citationPoint-Counterpoints: Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1990) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1990.9.2.165 · Cited by 743
Downey, G., Freitas, A. L., Michaelis, B., & Khouri, H. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.545 · Cited by 719
(2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-4881 · Cited by 683
The Five-Factor Model of Personality Across Cultures
McCrae, R., & Allik, J. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0763-5 · Cited by 652
Measurement of individual differences in adolescent and adult attachment.
Crowell, J. A., Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (2008) · Cited by 612
Need for belonging, relationship satisfaction, loneliness, and life satisfaction
Mellor, D., Stokes, M., Firth, L., Hayashi, Y., & Cummins, R. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.03.020 · Cited by 598
Friendship and the Banker's Paradox: Other Pathways to the Evolution of Adaptations for Altruism
Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1996) · Cited by 575
Structure of human values: Testing the adequacy of the Rokeach Value Survey.
Braithwaite, V. A., & Law, H. G. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.250 · Cited by 430
Affiliation motivation: People who need people . . . but in different ways.
Hill, C. A. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.5.1008 · Cited by 372
An Atlas of Interpersonal Situations
Kelley, H. H., Holmes, J. G., Kerr, N. L., Reis, H. T., Rusbult, C. E., & Lange, P. A. M. V. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499845 · Cited by 372
The biological affects: a typology.
Buck, R. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.2.301 · Cited by 346
Emotional responses to interpersonal rejection
Leary, M. R. (2015) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2015.17.4/mleary · Cited by 317
Self-citationHurt feelings: The neglected emotion.
Leary, M. R., & Springer, C. A. (2001) · Behaving badly: Aversive behaviors in interpersonal relationships. · doi:10.1037/10365-006 · Cited by 232 · cited 2×
“Similarly, given that people’s feelings are hurt when they believe that others do not adequately value having relationships with them (Leary & Springer, 2001), people who are high in the need to belong might experience hurt feelings more frequently than people who are low.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Interaction Anxiousness Scale: Construct and Criterion-Related Validity
Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1993) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6101_10 · Cited by 232
Self-citationAyduk, Ö., Gyurak, A., & Luerssen, A. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2007.07.004 · Cited by 223
Behaving badly: Aversive behaviors in interpersonal relationships.
(2001) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10365-000 · Cited by 179
Cooperation in social dilemmas and the need to belong: The moderating effect of group size.
Cremer, D. D., & Leonardelli, G. J. (2003) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.7.2.168 · Cited by 151
Personality: Contemporary theory and research
Wilson, G. (1991) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90044-c · Cited by 147
Identity Orientations and Self-Interpretation
Cheek, J. M. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-0634-4_21 · Cited by 132
The Sociotropy–Autonomy Scale: Structure and Implications
Bieling, P., Beck, A. T., & Brown, G. K. (2000) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1005599714224 · Cited by 117
Psychological Predictors of Media Involvement
Greenwood, D., & Long, C. R. (2009) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650209338906 · Cited by 115
The creation and consequences of the social world: an interactional analysis of extraversion
Eaton, L. G., & Funder, D. C. (2003) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.477 · Cited by 112
Anomie, Social Isolation, and the Class Structure
Bell, W. (1957) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/2785636 · Cited by 112
Structured personality test item characteristics and validity
Holden, R. R., Fekken, G. C., & Jackson, D. N. (1985) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(85)90007-8 · Cited by 103
When fiends become friends: The need to belong and perceptions of personal and group discrimination.
Carvallo, M., & Pelham, B. W. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.94 · Cited by 100
Steinel, W., Kleef, G. A. V., van Knippenberg, D., Hogg, M. A., Homan, A. C., & Moffitt, G. (2010) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430210375702 · Cited by 81
Kline, P. (1985) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(85)90114-0 · Cited by 80
Rego, A., Souto, S. D. O., & Cunha, M. P. E. (2009) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014767 · Cited by 74
Assessment of dispositional embarrassability
Kelly, K. M., & Jones, W. H. (1997) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615809708249306 · Cited by 55
Self-citationRelation of self-talk frequency to loneliness, need to belong, and health in German adults
Reichl, C., Schneider, J. F., & Spinath, F. M. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.09.003 · Cited by 46
Individual Differences in Reactions to Rejection
Kelly, K. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130157.003.0011 · Cited by 38
Self-citationLitt, D., Stock, M. L., & Lewis, M. A. (2012) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2012.693357 · Cited by 36
Life Regrets and the Need to Belong
Morrison, M., Epstude, K., & Roese, N. J. (2012) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611435137 · Cited by 36
Forgiveness and the Need to Belong
Barnes, C. D., Carvallo, M., Brown, R. P., & Osterman, L. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210378852 · Cited by 35
Sociability: Traits, settings, and interactions.
Gifford, R. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.2.340 · Cited by 19
Feeling hurt in close relationships
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-0568 · Cited by 15
Belongingness and the detection of lies
Kelly, K. M., Tee, A., & Ferry, S. (2005) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e633942013-477 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 19
- 10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497 · DOI · Paper page
- Beck A. T., 1983, Development of the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale: A measure of personality factors in psychopathology.
- Costa P. T., 1992, Revised NEO Personality Inventory: Professional manual.
- Edwards A. L., 1954, Manual—Edwards Personal Preference Schedule
- 10.1037//0022-0006X.64.2.264 · DOI
- Gardner W. L., 2005, The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying, 227
- Jackson D. N., 1967, Personality Research Form manual.
- Jones W. H., 1988, Preliminary manual for Profile.
- Kelly K. M., 1999, Measurement and manifestation of the need to belong
- Leary M. R., 1997, People who need people: Individual differences in the need to belong
- Leary M. R., 2001, Individual differences in the need to belong.
- Panicia N., 2000, A measure of sociotropic breadth.
- Rokeach M., 1967, Rokeach value survey.
- 10.1037//0033-2909.92.3.641 · DOI · Paper page
- Schreindorfer L., 1996, Seeking acceptance versus avoiding rejection: Differential effects on emotion and behavior.
- Spivey E., 1990, Social exclusion as a common factor in social anxiety, loneliness, jealousy, and social depression: Testing an integrative model
- Walker S., 1996, Correlates of the need to belong
- Zuckerman M., 1985, Multiple Affective Adjective Checklist– Revised.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Allen, K., Kern, M. L., Rozek, C. S., McInerney, D. M., & Slavich, G. M. (2021) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530.2021.1883409 · Cited by 1,283
Beyens, I., Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.083 · Cited by 847
Dweck, C. S. (2017) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000082 · Cited by 683
Social media use and mental health among young adults
Berryman, C., Ferguson, C. J., & Negy, C. (2018) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-017-9535-6 · Cited by 484
Loneliness in the Modern Age: An Evolutionary Theory of Loneliness (ETL)
Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2018) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2018.03.003 · Cited by 481
Metadata
- Authors
- Leary, M. R., Kelly, K. M., Cottrell, C. A., & Schreindorfer, L. S.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Western Illinois University (US)
- New College of Florida (US)
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality Assessment
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-11
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 610-624
- ISSN
- 0022-3891 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7752
- OpenAlex
- W2050350414
- Cited by
- 855
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 44.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Newcastle Australia
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- need to belong, construct validity, nomological network, extraversion, need for affiliation, insecure attachment, rejection sensitivity, interpersonal values, personality disorders, Big Five personality traits
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Motivation, Personality, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Social Identification, Social Support, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review