A systematic review of evidence-based design and pedagogical principles in educational virtual reality environments

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The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews

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Cognitive Load Theory

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Nine Ways to Reduce Cognitive Load in Multimedia Learning

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A systematic review of immersive virtual reality applications for higher education: Design elements, lessons learned, and research agenda

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The ICAP framework: Linking cognitive engagement to active learning outcomes

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Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design: 20 Years Later

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The Experience of Presence: Factor Analytic Insights

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Five steps to conducting a systematic review

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Interactive Multimodal Learning Environments

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Animation: can it facilitate?

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A review of the use of virtual reality head-mounted displays in education and training

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Adding immersive virtual reality to a science lab simulation causes more presence but less learning

Makransky, G., Terkildsen, T. S., & Mayer, R. E. (2017) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.12.007 · Cited by 1,598 · see citing works

Effectiveness of virtual reality-based instruction on students' learning outcomes in K-12 and higher education: a meta-analysis

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The Cognitive Affective Model of Immersive Learning (CAMIL): a Theoretical Research-Based Model of Learning in Immersive Virtual Reality

Makransky, G., & Petersen, G. B. (2021) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-020-09586-2 · Cited by 1,438 · see citing works

A LITERATURE REVIEW ON IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL REALITY IN EDUCATION: STATE OF THE ART AND PERSPECTIVES.

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Immersive virtual reality as a pedagogical tool in education: a systematic literature review of quantitative learning outcomes and experimental design

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Cognitive load theory, educational research, and instructional design: some food for thought

de Jong, T. (2010) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-009-9110-0 · Cited by 1,180 · see citing works

Learning science in immersive virtual reality.

Parong, J., & Mayer, R. E. (2018) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000241 · Cited by 1,088 · see citing works

Educational virtual environments: A ten-year review of empirical research (1999-2009)

Mikropoulos, T., & Natsis, A. (2011) · Comput. Educ. · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.10.020 · Cited by 1,087 · see citing works

Construction and interference in learning from multiple representation

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Cognitive load theory: implications of cognitive load theory on the design of learning

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The Case for Social Agency in Computer-Based Teaching: Do Students Learn More Deeply When They Interact With Animated Pedagogical Agents?

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Cognitive load theory and educational technology

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Direct Measurement of Cognitive Load in Multimedia Learning

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A tutorial on sensitivity analyses in clinical trials: the what, why, when and how

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Learning as a generative process ¹

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Eight Ways to Promote Generative Learning

Fiorella, L., & Mayer, R. E. (2016) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-015-9348-9 · Cited by 832 · see citing works

A structural equation modeling investigation of the emotional value of immersive virtual reality in education

Makransky, G., & Lilleholt, L. (2018) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-018-9581-2 · Cited by 796 · see citing works

Implications of Cognitive Load Theory for Multimedia Learning

Sweller, J. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816819.003 · Cited by 752 · see citing works

Using multimedia for e‐learning

Mayer, R. E. (2017) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12197 · Cited by 747 · see citing works

A review of immersive virtual reality serious games to enhance learning and training

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Expertise Differences in the Comprehension of Visualizations: a Meta-Analysis of Eye-Tracking Research in Professional Domains

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Immersive virtual reality in K‐12 and higher education: A 10‐year systematic review of empirical research

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Research trends in mobile and ubiquitous learning: a review of publications in selected journals from 2001 to 2010

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Effectiveness of immersive virtual reality using head‐mounted displays on learning performance: A meta‐analysis

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Use of three‐dimensional (3‐D) immersive virtual worlds in K‐12 and higher education settings: A review of the research

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The Past, Present, and Future of the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning

Mayer, R. E. (2024) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09842-1 · Cited by 576 · see citing works

Meta-analysis of the modality effect

Ginns, P. (2005) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2005.07.001 · Cited by 547 · see citing works

When less is more: Meaningful learning from visual and verbal summaries of science textbook lessons.

Mayer, R., Bove, W., Bryman, A., Mars, R., & Tapangco, L. (1996) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.88.1.64 · Cited by 534 · see citing works

Motivational and cognitive benefits of training in immersive virtual reality based on multiple assessments

Makransky, G., Borre‐Gude, S., & Mayer, R. E. (2019) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12375 · Cited by 532 · see citing works

Investigating the effect of pre-training when learning through immersive virtual reality and video: A media and methods experiment

Meyer, O. A., Omdahl, M. K., & Makransky, G. (2019) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103603 · Cited by 515 · see citing works

A systematic review of eye tracking research on multimedia learning

Alemdağ, E., & Çağıltay, K. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.06.023 · Cited by 468 · see citing works

Cognitive-Load Theory: Methods to Manage Working Memory Load in the Learning of Complex Tasks

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Learning science in virtual reality multimedia environments: Role of methods and media

Moreno, R., & Mayer, R. E. (2002) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.94.3.598 · Cited by 438 · see citing works

Social cues in multimedia learning: role of speaker’s voice

Mayer, R. E., Sobko, K., & Mautone, P. D. (2003) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.95.2.419 · Cited by 429 · see citing works

Towards a Framework for Attention Cueing in Instructional Animations: Guidelines for Research and Design

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Cognitive and affective processes for learning science in immersive virtual reality

Parong, J. A., & Mayer, R. E. (2020) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12482 · Cited by 426 · see citing works

Development and validation of the Multimodal Presence Scale for virtual reality environments: A confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory approach

Makransky, G., Lilleholt, L., & Aaby, A. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.066 · Cited by 424 · see citing works

Supporting coherence formation in learning from multiple representations

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Fostering social agency in multimedia learning: Examining the impact of an animated agent’s voice

Atkinson, R. K., Mayer, R. E., & Merrill, M. M. (2005) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2004.07.001 · Cited by 388 · see citing works

Learning as a Generative Activity: Eight Learning Strategies that Promote Understanding

Fiorella, L., & Mayer, R. E. (2015) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107707085 · Cited by 388 · see citing works

Principles for Reducing Extraneous Processing in Multimedia Learning: Coherence, Signaling, Redundancy, Spatial Contiguity, and Temporal Contiguity Principles

Mayer, R. E., & Fiorella, L. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139547369.015 · Cited by 378 · see citing works

Personalized Messages That Promote Science Learning in Virtual Environments.

Moreno, R., & Mayer, R. E. (2004) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.96.1.165 · Cited by 370 · see citing works

Immersive virtual reality increases liking but not learning with a science simulation and generative learning strategies promote learning in immersive virtual reality.

Makransky, G., Andreasen, N. K., Baceviciute, S., & Mayer, R. E. (2020) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000473 · Cited by 363 · see citing works

Signaling in virtual reality influences learning outcome and cognitive load

Albus, P., Vogt, A., & Seufert, T. (2021) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104154 · Cited by 360 · see citing works

A generative theory of textbook design: Using annotated illustrations to foster meaningful learning of science text

Mayer, R., Steinhoff, K., Bower, G., & Mars, R. (1995) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/bf02300480 · Cited by 351 · see citing works

Cognitive load in multimedia learning environments: A systematic review

Bayraktar, D. M., Çoşğun, V., & Altan, T. (2019) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103618 · Cited by 337 · see citing works

Principles Based on Social Cues in Multimedia Learning: Personalization, Voice, Image, and Embodiment Principles

Mayer, R. E. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139547369.017 · Cited by 329 · see citing works

An embodiment effect in computer-based learning with animated pedagogical agents.

Mayer, R. E., & DaPra, C. S. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/a0028616 · Cited by 324 · see citing works

Virtual reality in K‐12 and higher education: A systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2019

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Attention cueing as a means to enhance learning from an animation

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Effectiveness of virtual reality game in foreign language vocabulary acquisition

Alfadil, M. (2020) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103893 · Cited by 285 · see citing works

Why does signaling enhance multimedia learning? Evidence from eye movements

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Multimedia learning principles in different learning environments: a systematic review

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The virtual field trip: Investigating how to optimize immersive virtual learning in climate change education

Petersen, G. B., Klingenberg, S., Mayer, R. E., & Makransky, G. (2020) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.12991 · Cited by 269 · see citing works

A meta-analysis of how signaling affects learning with media

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Signaling text-picture relations in multimedia learning: A comprehensive meta-analysis

Richter, J., Scheiter, K., & Eitel, A. (2016) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2015.12.003 · Cited by 242 · see citing works

Computer Games for Learning

Mayer, R. E. (2014) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9427.001.0001 · Cited by 239 · see citing works

Principles for managing essential processing in multimedia learning: segmenting, pre-training, and modality principles

Mayer, R. E., & Pilegard, C. (2014) · The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139547369.016 · Cited by 212 · see citing works

The influence of virtual presence: Effects on experienced cognitive load and learning outcomes in educational computer games

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Pictorial aids for learning by doing in a multimedia geology simulation game.

Mayer, R. E., Mautone, P. D., & Prothero, W. A. (2002) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.94.1.171 · Cited by 193 · see citing works

A gender matching effect in learning with pedagogical agents in an immersive virtual reality science simulation

Makransky, G., Wismer, P., & Mayer, R. E. (2018) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12335 · Cited by 177 · see citing works

Exploring the Use of Individualized, Reflective Guidance In an Educational Multi-User Virtual Environment

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Investigating the effect of teaching as a generative learning strategy when learning through desktop and immersive VR: A media and methods experiment

Klingenberg, S., Jørgensen, M. L. M., Dandanell, G., Skriver, K., Mottelson, A., & Makransky, G. (2020) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13029 · Cited by 167 · see citing works

Verbal redundancy in multimedia learning environments: A meta-analysis.

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How a picture facilitates the process of learning from text: Evidence for scaffolding

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Learning about history in immersive virtual reality: does immersion facilitate learning?

Parong, J. A., & Mayer, R. E. (2021) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-021-09999-y · Cited by 153 · see citing works

Multimedia learning: Cognitive individual differences and display design techniques predict transfer learning with multimedia learning modules

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Trends and issues in multimedia learning research in 1996–2016: A bibliometric analysis

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A Meta-analysis of the Segmenting Effect

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Age-Related Differences With Immersive and Non-immersive Virtual Reality in Memory Assessment

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Vocabulary Learning in Virtual Environments: Learner Autonomy and Collaboration

Tseng, W.-T., Liou, H.-J., & Chu, H.-C. (2020) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2019.102190 · Cited by 101 · see citing works

Hypermedia reading strategies employed by advanced learners of English

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Effects of Picture Labeling on Science Text Processing and Learning: Evidence From Eye Movements

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Presence, memory and interaction in virtual environments

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Pedagogical Agents in Educational VR: An in the Wild Study

Petersen, G. B., Mottelson, A., & Makransky, G. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445760 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

Measuring cognitive load and cognition: metrics for technology-enhanced learning

Martin, S. (2014) · Educational Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/13803611.2014.997140 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

The Feedback Principle in Multimedia Learning

Johnson, C. I., & Priest, H. A. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139547369.023 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Investigating the redundancy principle in immersive virtual reality environments: An eye‐tracking and EEG study

Baceviciute, S., Lucas, G., Terkildsen, T. S., & Makransky, G. (2021) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12595 · Cited by 69 · see citing works

Information processing.

Mayer, R. E. (2011) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13273-004 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Collaboration modality, cognitive load, and science inquiry learning in virtual inquiry environments

Erlandson, B. E., Nelson, B. C., & Savenye, W. C. (2010) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-010-9152-7 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Does the Modality Effect Exist? and if So, Which Modality Effect?

Reinwein, J. (2011) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-011-9180-4 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

The Generative Activity Principle in Multimedia Learning

Fiorella, L., & Mayer, R. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108894333.036 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

Passive and active navigation of virtual environments vs. traditional printed evacuation maps: A comparative evaluation in the aviation domain

Burigat, S., & Chittaro, L. (2015) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2015.11.004 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Effectiveness of collaborative learning with 3 D virtual worlds

Cho, Y. H., & Lim, K. Y. T. (2015) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.12356 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Generative learning strategies do not diminish primary students’ attitudes towards augmented reality

Buchner, J. (2021) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10445-y · Cited by 55 · see citing works

The Effects of a Pedagogical Agent’s Smiling Expression on the Learner’s Emotions and Motivation in a Virtual Learning Environment

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The Effect of Procedural Guidance on Students’ Skill Enhancement in a Virtual Chemistry Laboratory

Ullah, S., Ali, N., & Rahman, S. U. (2016) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.5b00969 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

Using the Summarizing Strategy to Engage Learners: Empirical Evidence in an Immersive Virtual Reality Environment

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The Effects of Virtual Reality News on Learning about Climate Change

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Prompting in-depth learning in immersive virtual reality: Impact of an elaboration prompt on developing a mental model

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The effects of guided-unguided learning in 3d virtual environment on students' engagement and achievement

Topu, F. B., & Göktaş, Y. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.10.022 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Principles for Managing Essential Processing in Multimedia Learning

Mayer, R. E., & Fiorella, L. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108894333.025 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Learning in Virtual Reality: Bridging the Motivation Gap by Adding Annotations

Vogt, A., Albus, P., & Seufert, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645032 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Navigational Principles in Multimedia Learning

Rouet, J., & Potelle, H. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816819.020 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Studying the effect of redundancy in a virtual reality classroom

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Effects of gloss type, gloss position, and working memory capacity on second language comprehension in electronic reading

Varol, B., & Erçetin, G. (2019) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2019.1643738 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Retention and flow under guided and unguided learning experience in 3D virtual worlds

Baydaş, Ö., Karakuş, T., Topu, F. B., Yılmaz, R. M., Öztürk, M. E., & Göktaş, Y. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.041 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Immersive virtual reality or auditory text first? Effects of adequate sequencing and prompting on learning outcome

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Principles Based on Social Cues in Multimedia Learning

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Schnitzer, B. L., Bader, E., Caserman, P., Crocco, G., & Korn, O. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-10518-9_6

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陈, 佳., Yang, Q., Liu, X., Lu, C., & Wang, Y. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.83484

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Chalupny, U., Meier, P. V., Schärer, C., Silva, D. V., & Christ, O. (2026) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2026.1958188

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Ilangovan, A., Govindarajan, P., Xavier, D. S., Nayeem, M. A., & Hoque, M. S. (2026) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2026.1907478

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Cuykx, I., Timman, A., Magnée, M. J. C. M., Duytsche, R. D., & van Loo, M. (2026) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2026.104975

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Lopez-Cazares, A. P., Gallegos-Acosta, A. E., Cardona-Reyes, H., & Ortiz-Esparza, M. A. (2026) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-026-01398-5

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Kabaran, G. G., & Güven, G. (2026) · Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.21764/maeuefd.1940170

KOMPETENSI PROFESIONAL GURU PENDIDIKAN AGAMA KATOLIK SEBAGAI PREDIKTOR HASIL BELAJAR KOGNITIF PESERTA DIDIK DI SMP KATOLIK SANTA MARIA ASSUMPTA KUPANG

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Learning-related effectiveness of Virtual Reality in education and training: a systematic review of findings

Conrad, M. (2023) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.17454206

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