The female sexual response: a different model
Open accessAbstract
Clarification of women's sexual response during long-term relationships is needed. I have presented a model that more accurately depicts the responsive component of women's desire and the underlying motivational forces that trigger it. The variety of arousal/orgasm responses is also acknowledged. The purpose is both to prevent diagnosing dysfunction when the response is simply different from the traditional human sex-response cycle and to more clearly define subgroups of dysfunction. The latter would appear to be necessary before progress in newer treatment modalities, including pharmacological, can be made.
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Basson's model of female sexual response proposed that desire often emerges responsively within contexts of emotional intimacy and safety rather than as a spontaneous biological impulse.
“Basson’s model of female sexual response proposed that desire often emerges responsively within contexts of emotional intimacy and safety rather than as a spontaneous biological impulse (5).”
From Mindfulness and clinical hypnotherapy in sexual desire disorders: mechanisms, psychophysiological pathways, and integrative therapeutic sequencing (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
In “The Need for a Different Model” (page unavailable), Basson describes desire as responsive rather than spontaneous and says that the expectation of increased intimacy can motivate sex more than a strong biological urge. The passages support the intimacy and responsive-desire portions of the claim, but do not identify safety as a context for desire. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSexual desire disorders are increasingly conceptualized within biopsychosocial and regulatory models that emphasize inhibitory processes rather than primary absence of excitation.
“Contemporary models of sexual desire increasingly conceptualize diminished desire not as a primary deficit of excitation but as the result of amplified inhibitory processes (1, 5, 6).”
From Mindfulness and clinical hypnotherapy in sexual desire disorders: mechanisms, psychophysiological pathways, and integrative therapeutic sequencing (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
In “Sexual Arousal and Female Sexual Arousal Disorder” (page unavailable), Basson describes nonsexual distractions, interpersonal issues and self-monitoring as influences that can interfere with arousal. The Conclusion also cautions that absent spontaneous desire can masquerade as low desire. But the paper does not characterize diminished desire generally as the result of amplified inhibitory processes rather than a primary deficit of excitation; its model centers on responsive desire and sexual cues. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInsight and cognitive reframing alone may not always translate into embodied shifts in sexual responsiveness, particularly when inhibitory processes are affectively entrenched or relationally conditioned.
“However, clinical experience and empirical findings indicate that insight and cognitive reframing alone may not always translate into embodied shifts in sexual responsiveness, particularly when inhibitory processes are affectively entrenched or relationally conditioned (1, 5).”
From Mindfulness and clinical hypnotherapy in sexual desire disorders: mechanisms, psychophysiological pathways, and integrative therapeutic sequencing (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
In “Sexual Arousal and Female Sexual Arousal Disorder,” Basson identifies interpersonal issues and negative perceptions as influences that can interfere with arousal. “Redefining Female Sexual Dysfunction” also describes the need to explore cues, mutual respect, and emotional closeness after a woman and her partner accept that she is “normal.” The paper does not assess whether insight or cognitive reframing alone produces changes in sexual responsiveness. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn many patients, desire difficulties are embedded within broader patterns of stress dysregulation, attachment insecurity, or negative expectancy regarding sexual responsiveness.
“In many patients, desire difficulties are embedded within broader patterns of stress dysregulation, attachment insecurity, or negative expectancy regarding sexual responsiveness (5, 6).”
From Mindfulness and clinical hypnotherapy in sexual desire disorders: mechanisms, psychophysiological pathways, and integrative therapeutic sequencing (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
In “The Need for a Different Model” (page unavailable), Basson links reduced sexual motivation to difficulties with arousal or painful sex and discusses the importance of intimacy and trust. The paper does not establish stress dysregulation or attachment insecurity as patterns underlying desire difficulties, and its discussion of expectations does not specifically establish negative expectancy about sexual responsiveness. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn sexual desire disorders, entrenched inhibitory expectancies may perpetuate diminished responsiveness.
“In sexual desire disorders, entrenched inhibitory expectancies may perpetuate diminished responsiveness (5, 6).”
From Mindfulness and clinical hypnotherapy in sexual desire disorders: mechanisms, psychophysiological pathways, and integrative therapeutic sequencing (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
In “The Need for a Different Model” (page unavailable), the paper says pain or arousal difficulties can reduce motivation and eventually diminish awareness of sexual triggers. The FSAD section also describes perceptions that can interfere with arousal. Neither passage identifies entrenched inhibitory expectancies as the mechanism perpetuating diminished responsiveness. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Psychophysiological findings on cortisol and oxytocin dynamics align with stress-regulatory models of sexual inhibition.
“While preliminary and heterogeneous, these findings align with stress-regulatory models of sexual inhibition (5, 6).”
From Mindfulness and clinical hypnotherapy in sexual desire disorders: mechanisms, psychophysiological pathways, and integrative therapeutic sequencing (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
The Sexual Arousal and Female Sexual Arousal Disorder section describes distractions, interpersonal issues, and self-monitoring as influences that can interfere with arousal. It does not connect cortisol or oxytocin dynamics to a stress-regulatory model of sexual inhibition, so it supports only the broader idea of interfering influences. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBy shifting attention from performance-based evaluation toward present-moment sensory experience, mindfulness interventions aim to reduce inhibitory overcontrol and restore embodied responsiveness.
“By shifting attention from performance-based evaluation toward present-moment sensory experience, mindfulness interventions aim to reduce inhibitory overcontrol and restore embodied responsiveness (5, 6, 13).”
From Mindfulness and clinical hypnotherapy in sexual desire disorders: mechanisms, psychophysiological pathways, and integrative therapeutic sequencing (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
In “Sexual Arousal and Female Sexual Arousal Disorder,” Basson identifies self-monitoring or “spectatoring” as an influence that can interfere with arousal. The “Orgasm and Female Orgasmic Disorder” section (p. 63) says focusing on a sexual stimulus can allow arousal. These passages support the rationale for shifting attention, but the paper does not describe mindfulness interventions or say that they reduce inhibitory overcontrol and restore embodied responsiveness. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExcessive evaluative self-monitoring and cognitive distraction frequently inhibit arousal and desire in sexual desire disorders.
“These mechanisms are directly relevant to sexual desire disorders, where excessive evaluative self-monitoring and cognitive distraction frequently inhibit arousal and desire (5, 6).”
From Mindfulness and clinical hypnotherapy in sexual desire disorders: mechanisms, psychophysiological pathways, and integrative therapeutic sequencing (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
In “Sexual Arousal and Female Sexual Arousal Disorder” (page not provided), the paper identifies self-monitoring or “spectatoring” and nonsexual distractions as influences that interfere with arousal. It does not say that these mechanisms frequently inhibit both arousal and desire in people with sexual desire disorders; the frequency, desire effect, and disorder-specific framing go beyond that passage. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSexual desire disorders arise from complex interactions among attentional regulation, expectancy processes, relational dynamics, and embodied stress physiology.
“Sexual desire disorders arise from complex interactions among attentional regulation, expectancy processes, relational dynamics, and embodied stress physiology (1, 5, 6).”
From Mindfulness and clinical hypnotherapy in sexual desire disorders: mechanisms, psychophysiological pathways, and integrative therapeutic sequencing (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
The sections on sexual arousal and redefining female sexual dysfunction discuss distraction, self-monitoring, interpersonal issues, expectations of intimacy, and the interplay of psychological and biological factors. But the paper does not establish embodied stress physiology as a contributor to sexual desire disorders specifically; its stress-related physiological example concerns other sexual dysfunctions. It also distinguishes apparent low desire from true hypoactive sexual desire disorder. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese psychophysiological findings align with stress-attachment models relevant to sexual inhibition.
“While preliminary and heterogeneous, these findings align with stress-attachment models relevant to sexual inhibition (5, 6).”
From Mindfulness and clinical hypnotherapy in sexual desire disorders: mechanisms, psychophysiological pathways, and integrative therapeutic sequencing (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
In “The Need for a Different Model” (page not provided), Basson describes intimacy and bonding as motivations for sexual response. The FSAD section also identifies interpersonal issues and distractions as influences that can interfere with arousal. These passages support a relational account relevant to sexual inhibition, but they do not establish a stress-attachment model or assess whether the citing paper’s psychophysiological findings align with one. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHigher levels of intimacy are linked to greater levels of sexual desire and participation.
“Moreover, higher levels of intimacy are also linked to greater levels of sexual desire and participation (Basson, 2000;Van Lankveld et al., 2018).”
From “Your Addiction, her Sexual Suffering”—A Qualitative Inquiry into the Effects of Compulsive Sexual Behaviors on Intimate Female Partners (2025) · cites this paper as Basson, 2000
In ‘The Need for a Different Model’ (page unavailable), Basson describes anticipated intimacy as a motivation for sexual activity and emotional closeness as a reward that can motivate future sexual encounters. The paper does not establish that higher existing levels of intimacy are associated with correspondingly greater sexual desire and participation; its account concerns responsive desire in women, particularly in longer-term relationships. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“Moreover, higher levels of intimacy are also linked to greater levels of sexual desire and participation (Basson, 2000; Van Lankveld et al., 2018).”
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“While preliminary and heterogeneous, these fi ndings align with stress-regulatory models of sexual inhibition (5, 6).”
Influential
- Authors
- Basson, R.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Basson, Rosemary
- ORCID
- Basson, Rosemary
- Venue
- Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2000-01
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 51-65
- ISSN
- 0092-623X (ISSN-L)
- 1521-0715
- OpenAlex
- W2067206207
- Cited by
- 995
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 9.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Sexual function and dysfunction studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Marriage and Sexual Relationships
- Keywords
- female sexual response, female desire, sexual arousal, orgasm, sexual dysfunction, long-term relationships, sexual motivation, sex therapy
- MeSH terms
- Awareness, Female, Humans, Libido, Orgasm, Psychophysiology, Sexual Behavior, Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological
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