The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Making Cycling Irresistible: Lessons from The Netherlands, Denmark and Germany
Abstract
This article shows how the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany have made bicycling a safe, convenient and practical way to get around their cities. The analysis relies on national aggregate data as well as case studies of large and small cities in each country. The key to achieving high levels of cycling appears to be the provision of separate cycling facilities along heavily travelled roads and at intersections, combined with traffic calming of most residential neighbourhoods. Extensive cycling rights of way in the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany are complemented by ample bike parking, full integration with public transport, comprehensive traffic education and training of both cyclists and motorists, and a wide range of promotional events intended to generate enthusiasm and wide public support for cycling. In addition to their many pro‐bike policies and programmes, the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany make driving expensive as well as inconvenient in central cities through a host of taxes and restrictions on car ownership, use and parking. Moreover, strict land‐use policies foster compact, mixed‐use developments that generate shorter and thus more bikeable trips. It is the coordinated implementation of this multi‐faceted, mutually reinforcing set of policies that best explains the success of these three countries in promoting cycling. For comparison, the article portrays the marginal status of cycling in the UK and the USA, where only about 1% of trips are by bike.
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“Indeed, 85% of the Dutch owns a bicycle and each year travels 900 km on it. 26”
From Physical exercise keeps the brain connected: biking increases white matter integrity in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. (2015) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Biking is an endemic skill in the Netherlands and thus offers an ideal situation to disentangle the effects of learning vs practice.”
From Physical exercise keeps the brain connected: biking increases white matter integrity in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. (2015) · cites this paper as [26]
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de Freitas, L. M., & Axhausen, K. W. (2025) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-025-10624-7 · Cited by 5
“Improved cycling infrastructure, has been shown to increase cycling rates (Pucher and Buehler 2008; Buehler and Pucher 2010; Goel et al. 2022 ; Marqués et al. 2015 ; Hull and O’Holleran 2014).”
Damvakari, K., Tsigdinos, S., Chatziioannou, I., Bakogiannis, E., & Nikitas, A. (2025) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2025.102137 · Cited by 5
Castañon, U. N., Ribeiro, P. J. G., & Mendes, J. F. G. (2025) · Applied System Innovation · doi:10.3390/asi8050119 · Cited by 5
“Furthermore, when properly planned, cycling infrastructure is more economical and adaptable than car-centric alternatives [8,9].”
Environmental impacts of transportation in rapidly urbanizing South and Southeast Asian Cities
Alim, M. A., Hoque, M., Hore, S., & Hore, R. (2025) · Smart Construction and Sustainable Cities · doi:10.1007/s44268-025-00066-6 · Cited by 5
“At about 40 dB, bicycles made the least amount of noise [30].”
Huang, J., & Fang, C. (2025) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2025.107103 · Cited by 5
Review of the Cycling Network Planning and Design in Chinese Cold-Climate Cities
Cai, X., & Pei, Y. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3056523 · Cited by 5
“Considering the different levels of transportation infrastructure construction and economic conditions across cities, the classification methods do not have to be the same [98].”
Calafati, L., Froud, J., Haslam, C., Johal, S., & Williams, K. (2023) · Local Economy The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit · doi:10.1177/02690942241279556 · Cited by 5
“The German case is of particular interest because, although car ownership in Germany is much higher than in the UK, the proportion of journeys made by bicycle is almost 10 times greater (Pucher and Buehler, 2008).”
Government regulations for ride-sourcing services as substitute or complement to public transit
Qin, X., Ke, J., & Yang, H. (2025) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.103776 · Cited by 5
IoT device used for air pollution campaign to encourage cycling habit in inverleith neighborhood
Budiarto, A., & Febriana, T. (2017) · International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech) · doi:10.1109/icimtech.2017.8273565 · Cited by 5
“Cycling is now become a lifestyle in some countries such as Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany and has been proven to make these countries successfully provide a well-organized and comfortable transportation system for their people [3].”
BackgroundAnalysis of E-bike Trip Duration and Frequency by Bayesian Duration and Zero-inflated Count Models
Xu, C., & Wang, C. (2019) · KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12205-019-0674-1 · Cited by 5
Ralph, K. M., & Hagen, L. A. V. (2019) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2019.07.013 · Cited by 5
Attribute non-attendance in choosing the bike as a transport mode in Belgium
Jandari, A., Meulders, M., Desplenter, S., & Vandebroek, M. L. (2020) · European journal of transport and infrastructure research · doi:10.18757/ejtir.2020.20.4.4475 · Cited by 5
“Pucher & Buehler (2008) indicate that providing a separate bike path was a “cornerstone” for the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany in making cycling safe and attractive.”
BackgroundResultCreating Sustainable Cities through Cycling Infrastructure? Learning from Insurgent Mobilities
Soliz, A. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13168680 · Cited by 6
Bicycle-related cervical spine injuries
Eng, S. F., Næss, I., Linnerud, H., Rønning, P. A., Brommeland, T., Mejlænder‐Evjensvold, M., Sundstrøm, T., Galteland, P., Døving, M., Aarhus, M., et al. (2022) · North American Spine Society Journal (NASSJ) · doi:10.1016/j.xnsj.2022.100119 · Cited by 5
“Bicycling is a popular leisure activity and an effective mode of transport for short-and medium-range travel [ 1 , 2 ].”
Calverley, J. R., Hopkins, D., Bengoechea, E. G., Coppell, K. J., Spence, J. C., & Mandic, S. (2022) · Active Travel Studies · doi:10.16997/ats.1222 · Cited by 5
Where to invest in cycle parking: A portfolio management approach to spatial transport planning
Ito, Y., Morgan, M., & Lovelace, R. (2022) · Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science · doi:10.1177/23998083221138575 · Cited by 5
“…usually focuses on a few key destinations such as schools (Kamargianni, 2015), workplaces (Hamre and Buehler, 2014) and public transport nodes (Pucher and Buehler, 2008); even though it is well established that the provision of cycle parking enables people to cycle more (Heinen et al., 2009;…”
BackgroundThe Future of Non-motorised Transport in Urban Africa
Uzondu, C., & Etika, A. A. (2022) · The urban book series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17327-1_19 · Cited by 5
The impact of public bike-sharing systems on mobility patterns: Generating or replacing trips?
Moura, F., Valença, G., Félix, R., & Vale, D. (2023) · International Journal of Sustainable Transportation · doi:10.1080/15568318.2022.2163209 · Cited by 5
“However, this might not be the case in cities with a higher bicycle mode share (Pucher & Buehler, 2008).”
BackgroundHolmes, T., Laurentis, C. D., & Windemer, R. (2023) · Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography · doi:10.1080/00291951.2023.2206407 · Cited by 5
“These include, for example, other and arguably more sustainable lower-carbon futures premised on the uptake of bicycles and cycling in and around cities (Pucher & Buehler 2008; Behrendt 2020).”
BackgroundReassigning kerbside parking to cycling lanes: Is Robin Hood planning good for business?
Lin, Y., Pojani, D., & Corcoran, J. (2023) · Australian Planner · doi:10.1080/07293682.2024.2329187 · Cited by 5
“This is close to the typical cycling range in cities (0.5 to 2.5 km), with very short trips (under 500 m) more likely to take place on foot (Pucher and Buehler 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialDisruptive, dangerous, and dirty: active travel measures as a ‘cause’ of car-related externalities
Egan, R., & Caulfield, B. M. (2024) · Mobilities · doi:10.1080/17450101.2024.2328213 · Cited by 5
“…from driving to cycling, a particular emphasis is placed on the provision of dedicated infrastructure for cycling (European Commission 2022; European Cyclists’ Federation 2017), which is empirically supported as a cycling promotion measure (Pucher, Dill, and Handy 2010; Pucher and Buehler 2008).”
Positioning the Private Car as a Political Problem
Kent, J., & Harris, P. J. (2024) · Journal of the American Planning Association · doi:10.1080/01944363.2024.2354697 · Cited by 5
“Design features, such as decreased urban speed limits (Milton et al., 2021), separated and connected bike lanes (Pucher & Buehler, 2008, 2016), and adequate signage (G € ossling & McRae, 2022; M € olenberg et al., 2019), support cycling for transport.”
Cyclists' travel behaviour, from theory to reality
Heredia, Á. F., & de Cáceres, A. M. (2010) · Cited by 5
Starting Relationships with Neighbors After a Move Later in Life: An Exploratory Study
Bloem, B. A., van Tilburg, T. G., & Thomése, F. (2013) · Journal of Housing for the Elderly · doi:10.1080/02763893.2012.724374 · Cited by 5
“It may be easier to start new neighbor relationships because they are surrounded by peers there.”
Backgroundde Hollander, E. L., Scheepers, E., van Wijnen, H. J., van Wesemael, P. J. V., Schuit, A. J., Wendel‐Vos, W., & van Kempen, E. E. (2015) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-015-0009-6 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Pucher, J., & Buehler, R.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pucher, John
- Venue
- Transport Reviews
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2008-07
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 495-528
- ISSN
- 0144-1647 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5327
- OpenAlex
- W2164133872
- Cited by
- 1,591
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 134 · 2020: 109 · 2019: 122 · 2018: 111 · 2017: 100 · 2016: 77 · 2015: 119 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 75
- FWCI
- 135.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Transport Reviews (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Transportation Planning and Optimization
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Railways and European Transport Policy
- Keywords
- cycling promotion, cycling infrastructure, traffic calming, bicycle parking, public transport integration, road safety education, motor vehicle tax, parking restrictions, land use policy, urban travel behavior, Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, United States
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