Cited by 1,591Urban Transport and AccessibilityTransportation Planning and OptimizationRailways and European Transport Policy

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Making Cycling Irresistible: Lessons from The Netherlands, Denmark and Germany

Pucher, John, Buehler, Ralph·2008·Transport Reviews

DOI 10.1080/01441640701806612

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Abstract

This article shows how the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany have made bicycling a safe, convenient and practical way to get around their cities. The analysis relies on national aggregate data as well as case studies of large and small cities in each country. The key to achieving high levels of cycling appears to be the provision of separate cycling facilities along heavily travelled roads and at intersections, combined with traffic calming of most residential neighbourhoods. Extensive cycling rights of way in the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany are complemented by ample bike parking, full integration with public transport, comprehensive traffic education and training of both cyclists and motorists, and a wide range of promotional events intended to generate enthusiasm and wide public support for cycling. In addition to their many pro‐bike policies and programmes, the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany make driving expensive as well as inconvenient in central cities through a host of taxes and restrictions on car ownership, use and parking. Moreover, strict land‐use policies foster compact, mixed‐use developments that generate shorter and thus more bikeable trips. It is the coordinated implementation of this multi‐faceted, mutually reinforcing set of policies that best explains the success of these three countries in promoting cycling. For comparison, the article portrays the marginal status of cycling in the UK and the USA, where only about 1% of trips are by bike.

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Koning, M., & Conway, A. J. (2016) · Case Studies on Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.cstp.2016.08.007 · Cited by 47
The perceptions of bicycling intersection safety by four types of bicyclists
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“…low cycling countries, including New Zealand, wearing hi-vis clothing and safety equipment is often the norm for cyclists, which differs to the everyday clothing worn by cyclists in countries with high levels of cycling, such as the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany (Pucher and Buehler 2008).”
Background
Impact of offering cycle training in schools upon cycling behaviour: a natural experimental study
Goodman, A., van Sluijs, E. M. F., & Ogilvie, D. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0356-z · Cited by 46
“Providing a supportive physical environment is likely to be one key component of encouraging people to cycle [9, 10], and this may be particularly successful if complemented by programmes seeking to boost motivation, confidence or cycling skills [11, 12].”
Background
A Global High Shift Cycling Scenario: The Potential for Dramatically Increasing Bicycle and E-bike Use in Cities around the World, with Estimated Energy, CO2, and Cost Impacts
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“…the need to shift attention from mobility to access (Handy, 2002), and the importance of complementing motorized modes with active modes (cycling and walking), for health and environmental reasons (Cavill, 2003; Cox, 2010; Parkin, 2012; Pucher & Buehler, 2007; Schiller, Bruun, & Kenworthy, 2010).”
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Urban Form and Mobility Choices: Informing about Sustainable Travel Alternatives, Carbon Emissions and Energy Use from Transportation in Swedish Neighbourhoods
Stojanovski, T. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11020548 · Cited by 46
Rethinking the Utility of Public Bicycles: The Development and Challenges of Station-Less Bike Sharing in China
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Active travel to school: Understanding the Ghanaian context of the underlying driving factors and the implications for transport planning
Siiba, A. (2020) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2020.100869 · Cited by 46
What is a good transport review paper?
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“https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2021.2001996 related evolutions over certain time frames and differences according to regions (for cycling, see for instance Pucher & Buehler, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
Gender gaps in urban mobility and transport planning
Uteng, T. P. (2021) · Advances in transport policy and planning · doi:10.1016/bs.atpp.2021.07.004 · Cited by 45
Travel Time Competitiveness of Cycling in Sydney, Australia
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Electric Bicycle Use and Mode Choice in the Netherlands
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“The Netherlands is known for the popularity of cycling (27% of trips are made by bicycle), for its extensive cycling infrastructure network, and for its favorable bicycling culture (18).”
Background
Active transport in Africa and beyond: towards a strategic framework
Loo, B. P. Y., & Siiba, A. (2018) · Transport Reviews · doi:10.1080/01441647.2018.1442889 · Cited by 45
“…evidence from some parts of the world establishing that AT rates increased in cities and countries where policies to encourage AT have been implemented – see Pucher and Buehler (2008) for detailed evidence from the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark and Pooley et al. (2013) for examples from England.”
Influential
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Asgarzadeh, M., Fischer, D. R., Verma, S. K., Courtney, T. K., & Christiani, D. C. (2018) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.22849 · Cited by 47
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“Due to high prevalence rates of walking and cycling [25], it offers the opportunity to explore the association of neighbourhood safety with both walking and the much less studied PA component cycling.”
Creating Cycling-Friendly Environments for Children: Which Micro-Scale Factors Are Most Important? An Experimental Study Using Manipulated Photographs
Ghekiere, A., Deforche, B. I., Mertens, L., Bourdeaudhuij, I. D., Clarys, P., de Geus, B., Cardon, G., Nasar, J. L., Salmon, J., & Cauwenberg, J. V. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143302 · Cited by 44
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Walking and Cycling International Literature Review : Final Report
Krizek, K. J., Forsyth, A., & Baum, L. (2009) · Cited by 44
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Pedalling towards equity: Exploring women's cycling in a New Zealand city
Russell, M., Davies, C., Wild, K., & Shaw, C. (2021) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.102987 · Cited by 44
Interventions in Bicycle Infrastructure, Lessons from Dutch and Danish Cases
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A virtual environment for the formulation of policy packages
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“In this context, the ‘‘Visions of the role of W&C in 2030’’ research project (Tight et al., 2011) seeks to develop and evaluate alternative visions in which W&C play a more central role in urban transportation by the year 2030, moving away from the situation in 2010 where W&C represent 26% of trips in urban areas to 7…”
BackgroundInfluential
Socio-ecological predictors of the uptake of cycling for recreation and transport in adults: Results from the RESIDE study
Badland, H. M., Knuiman, M. W., Hooper, P., & Giles‐Corti, B. (2013) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.06.015 · Cited by 43
Exploring the causal relationship between bicycle choice and trip chain pattern
Li, Z., Wang, W., Yang, C., & Jiang, G. (2013) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2013.06.001 · Cited by 43
Cycling culture and socialisation: modelling the effect of immigrant origin on cycling in Denmark and the Netherlands
Haustein, S., Kroesen, M., & Mulalic, I. (2019) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-019-09978-6 · Cited by 43
Exploring children’s school travel, psychological well-being, and travel-related attitudes: Evidence from primary and secondary school children in Vienna, Austria
Stark, J., Singleton, P. A., & Uhlmann, T. (2019) · Travel Behaviour and Society · doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2019.05.001 · Cited by 46
Sustainable Transport and Gender Equity: Insights from Santiago, Chile
Sagaris, L., & Tiznado-Aitken, I. (2020) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s2044-994120200000012009 · Cited by 45
Making Transportation Sustainable: Insights from Germany
Buehler, R., Pucher, J. R., & Kunert, U. (2009) · Cited by 43
Self-citation
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An Inside Look at Active Transportation in Bogotá: A Qualitative Study
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Moderating effect of gender on the associations of perceived attributes of the neighbourhood environment and social norms on transport cycling behaviours
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Gender equity in health and the influence of intrapersonal factors on adolescent girls' decisions to bicycle to school
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Authors: Pucher, J., & Buehler, R.
Affiliations: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Corresponding author: Pucher, John
ORCID: Pucher, John
Buehler, Ralph
Venue: Transport Reviews
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2008-07
Volume: 28
Issue: 4
Pages: 495-528
ISSN: 0144-1647 (ISSN-L)
1464-5327
DOI: 10.1080/01441640701806612
OpenAlex: W2164133872
Cited by: 1,591
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 58 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 134 · 2020: 109 · 2019: 122 · 2018: 111 · 2017: 100 · 2016: 77 · 2015: 119 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 75
FWCI: 135.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Transport Reviews (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
Social Sciences › Transportation › Transportation Planning and Optimization
Social Sciences › Transportation › Railways and European Transport Policy
Keywords: cycling promotion, cycling infrastructure, traffic calming, bicycle parking, public transport integration, road safety education, motor vehicle tax, parking restrictions, land use policy, urban travel behavior, Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, United States

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Making Cycling Irresistible: Lessons from The Netherlands, Denmark and Germany

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