Cited by 1,591Urban Transport and AccessibilityTransportation Planning and OptimizationRailways and European Transport Policy

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Making Cycling Irresistible: Lessons from The Netherlands, Denmark and Germany

Pucher, John, Buehler, Ralph·2008·Transport Reviews

DOI 10.1080/01441640701806612

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Abstract

This article shows how the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany have made bicycling a safe, convenient and practical way to get around their cities. The analysis relies on national aggregate data as well as case studies of large and small cities in each country. The key to achieving high levels of cycling appears to be the provision of separate cycling facilities along heavily travelled roads and at intersections, combined with traffic calming of most residential neighbourhoods. Extensive cycling rights of way in the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany are complemented by ample bike parking, full integration with public transport, comprehensive traffic education and training of both cyclists and motorists, and a wide range of promotional events intended to generate enthusiasm and wide public support for cycling. In addition to their many pro‐bike policies and programmes, the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany make driving expensive as well as inconvenient in central cities through a host of taxes and restrictions on car ownership, use and parking. Moreover, strict land‐use policies foster compact, mixed‐use developments that generate shorter and thus more bikeable trips. It is the coordinated implementation of this multi‐faceted, mutually reinforcing set of policies that best explains the success of these three countries in promoting cycling. For comparison, the article portrays the marginal status of cycling in the UK and the USA, where only about 1% of trips are by bike.

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“Literature suggests that gender is of little relevance in bicycle-friendly contexts (e.g. Denmark, Netherlands, Germany) (Pucher & Buehler, 2008).”
Background
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“…landscape of urban areas is multifaceted, engaging with a range of theoretical underpinnings, discussing various demographic, geographic, and economic factors that could affect active travel demands (Pratt et al., 2012; Pucher & Buehler, 2008; Evaluating Active Transport Benefits and).”
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“The Netherlands is a success story when considering active transportation, particularly cycling (Pucher and Buehler 2007, 2008).”
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“While there is evidence that this may be true in the Netherlands (de Hartog, Boogaard, Nijland & Hoek, 2010), there is no evidence on the equivalent position in London where both air pollution (see de Hartog et al, 2010) and traﬃc accident risk (Pucher & Buehler, 2008) are considerably higher.”
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Background
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Background
Moving Beyond the Vision Zero Slogan
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“This comes about because, as we have seen in the Netherlands, making it safer to travel by foot or by bike means more people traveling by foot or bike, thus reducing the need for vehicle travel (32).”
Background
Improving Attitudes toward Cycling in a Middle East and North Africa Region City
Nadimi, N., Nordfjærn, T., Lori, H. S., & Khalifeh, V. (2022) · Journal of Urban Planning and Development · doi:10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000906 · Cited by 7
Are all bike lanes built equal? Using bike share GPS data to quantify cycling infrastructure investments’ ridership effects in Hamilton, Ontario
Veghel, D. V., & Scott, D. M. (2023) · Travel Behaviour and Society · doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2023.100736 · Cited by 7

Authors: Pucher, J., & Buehler, R.
Affiliations: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Corresponding author: Pucher, John
ORCID: Pucher, John
Buehler, Ralph
Venue: Transport Reviews
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2008-07
Volume: 28
Issue: 4
Pages: 495-528
ISSN: 0144-1647 (ISSN-L)
1464-5327
DOI: 10.1080/01441640701806612
OpenAlex: W2164133872
Cited by: 1,591
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 58 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 134 · 2020: 109 · 2019: 122 · 2018: 111 · 2017: 100 · 2016: 77 · 2015: 119 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 75
FWCI: 135.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Transport Reviews (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
Social Sciences › Transportation › Transportation Planning and Optimization
Social Sciences › Transportation › Railways and European Transport Policy
Keywords: cycling promotion, cycling infrastructure, traffic calming, bicycle parking, public transport integration, road safety education, motor vehicle tax, parking restrictions, land use policy, urban travel behavior, Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, United States

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Making Cycling Irresistible: Lessons from The Netherlands, Denmark and Germany

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