Cited by 1,591Urban Transport and AccessibilityTransportation Planning and OptimizationRailways and European Transport Policy

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Making Cycling Irresistible: Lessons from The Netherlands, Denmark and Germany

Pucher, John, Buehler, Ralph·2008·Transport Reviews

DOI 10.1080/01441640701806612

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This article shows how the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany have made bicycling a safe, convenient and practical way to get around their cities. The analysis relies on national aggregate data as well as case studies of large and small cities in each country. The key to achieving high levels of cycling appears to be the provision of separate cycling facilities along heavily travelled roads and at intersections, combined with traffic calming of most residential neighbourhoods. Extensive cycling rights of way in the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany are complemented by ample bike parking, full integration with public transport, comprehensive traffic education and training of both cyclists and motorists, and a wide range of promotional events intended to generate enthusiasm and wide public support for cycling. In addition to their many pro‐bike policies and programmes, the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany make driving expensive as well as inconvenient in central cities through a host of taxes and restrictions on car ownership, use and parking. Moreover, strict land‐use policies foster compact, mixed‐use developments that generate shorter and thus more bikeable trips. It is the coordinated implementation of this multi‐faceted, mutually reinforcing set of policies that best explains the success of these three countries in promoting cycling. For comparison, the article portrays the marginal status of cycling in the UK and the USA, where only about 1% of trips are by bike.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/01441640701806612

Cites

40 of 40 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Transportation Research Record
Olesen, A. V., Kjems, E., Reinau, K. H., & Jensen, O. B. (2016) · Cited by 11,522
Transportation Research Board
Baucus, M. S. (1982) · The Mathematics Enthusiast · Cited by 2,786
Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence
Newman, P. W. G., & Kenworthy, J. R. (1999) · Cited by 2,087
Promoting Safe Walking and Cycling to Improve Public Health: Lessons From The Netherlands and Germany
Pucher, J. R., & Dijkstra, L. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.93.9.1509 · Cited by 845
Self-citation
Transportation Research
(2019) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9042-6 · Cited by 817
Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling
Jacobsen, P. L. (2015) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.9.3.205rep · Cited by 765
Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling
Jacobsen, P. L. (2003) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.9.3.205 · Cited by 701
Promoting transportation cycling for women: The role of bicycle infrastructure
Garrard, J., Rose, G., & Lo, S. K. (2007) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.07.010 · Cited by 649
Determinants of bicycle use: do municipal policies matter?
Rietveld, P., & Daniel, V. E. (2004) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2004.05.003 · Cited by 501
Unsustainable Transport: City Transport in the New Century
Banister, D. (2005) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 427

Show all 41 references

Research works printed but not linked: 63

2007, Public Transportation Fact Book
Andersen, T. Odense: The National Cycle City of Denmark . PowerPoint presentation made at the Annual Conference of the Bicycling Federation of Australia. October62005, Brisbane.
2007, 2001 Census of Population and Housing, Journey to Work Files
Boehme, S. Fahrradfahren in Muenster . PowerPoint presentation provided directly by City of Muenster's Department of Transport Planning. Muenster. pp.86
2007, WISQARS: Web‐based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System
2003, The Amsterdam Bicycle Policy
2003, Bicycling Facts and Figures
2007, Choosing for the Cyclist: Bicycle Program 2007–2010
2003, Urban Transport in Berlin: Focus on Bicycling
2005, Bauordnung fuer Berlin. City Construction Code
2007, Fahrradverkehr [Bicycling Transportation in Berlin]
2007, Bike 2015 Plan for the City of Chicago
2002, Cycle Policy
2004, Bicycle Account
2007, City Profile
2007, Key Figures
2004, Fahrradhauptstadt Muenster [Muenster–German Capital of Cycling]
2007, Verkehrsplanung in Muenster [Transportation Planning in Muenster]
2007, National Cycle City (Cycleby) Website
2007, Portland, Oregon: Creating a World‐Class Bicycling City
2007, Poised at the Threshold
2007, Portland Bicycle Counts, 2007
2000, Promoting Safer Cycling: A Strategy
2007, Danish National Travel Surveys
2005, Cycling Fact Sheet
2006, National Travel Survey 2005
2007, National Travel Statistics
2006, Continuous and Integral: The Cycling Policies of Groningen and other European Cities
2004, National Policies to Promote Cycling
2002, EU Energy and Transport in Figures, 2000
2003, EU Energy and Transport in Figures, 2001
2006, EU Energy and Transport in Figures, 2005
2002, FahrRad! Ride Your Bike! National Bicycle Plan
2003, German Federal Travel Survey 2002 (MiD)
2006, Strassenverkehrsordnung [German Traffic Laws]
2007, German Transportation in Figures
2007, Call a Bike
Langenberg P., 2000, Cycling in Amsterdam. Developments in the City
2005, National Travel Statistics
1999, The Dutch Bicycle Master Plan
2006, Cycling in the Netherlands
2007, Passenger Kilometers of Cycling and Fatality Rates (data gathered directly from the ministry of transport)
2007, PlaNYC: A Greener, Greater New York
2007, NYC Bicycle Counts on a Single Weekday (7am to 7pm) at Selected Commuter Locations (1980–2007)
2004, Fahrradfreundliche Staedte und Gemeinden in Nordrhein‐Westfalen: Eine Zwischenbilanz [Bicycling Friendly Cities in North‐Rhine Westphalia]
2005, OECD Statistics
2007, OV‐Fiets: A Fast and Easy Bike Rental
Pucher J., 1997, Transportation Quarterly, 51, 31
Pucher J., 2000, Transportation Quarterly, 54, 25
Pucher J., 1999, Transportation Research A, 33, 625
2007, Verkehrsmittelwahl in Deutschland [Transport Mode Choice in Germany]
2007, Where Canadians Work and How They Get There
1999, Staat der Wegen: Lengte van Fietspaden en—stoken, per Province [Extent of Bicycling Paths and Lanes by Province]
2005, Transportation Statistics
2007, Transportation Statistics
2007, Bicycling and Walking in the US: Benchmarking Report, 2007
2003, Impacts of 20 mph Zones in London Boroughs
2007, Congestion Charging: Fourth Annual Impacts Report
2001, Making Transit Work: Insights from Western Europe, Canada, and the United States
1994, National Bicycling and Walking Study: Transportation Choices for a Changing America
2003, National Household Travel Survey, 2001
2004, National Bicycling and Walking Study: Ten Year Status Report
2007, Traffic Safety Fact Sheets

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 1,000

“I won’t cycle on a route like this; I don’t think I fully understood what isolation meant”: A critical evaluation of the safety principles in Cycling Level of Service (CLoS) tools from a gender perspective
Xie, L., & Spinney, J. (2018) · Travel Behaviour and Society · doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2018.07.002 · Cited by 41
“However, much higher rates of female participation are witnessed where well established cycling cultures and facilities are the norm, most notably urbanised areas of Holland, Germany and Denmark (Pucher and Buehler, 2008).”
Unfolding barriers for urban mobility plan in small and medium municipalities – A case study in Brazil
Bezerra, B. S., dos Santos, A. L. L., & Delmônico, D. V. D. G. (2020) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2019.12.006 · Cited by 43
Educational Differences in Cycling: Evidence from German Cities
Hudde, A. (2022) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/00380385211063366 · Cited by 45
“In many countries (e.g. most Anglo-American countries), the national average indicates that only around one in 50 trips is taken by bicycle; however, in Denmark, it is almost one in five trips and in the Netherlands, more than one in four trips (Pucher and Buehler, 2008).”
Background
Major issues for biking revival in urban China
Yang, J., Chen, J., Zhou, M., & Wang, Z. (2015) · Habitat International · doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.01.022 · Cited by 40
Children’s active trips to school: a review and analysis
López, M. C. R., & Wong, Y. D. (2016) · International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development · doi:10.1080/19463138.2016.1264405 · Cited by 40
“Walking and cycling are virtually free modes of transport (Waller 2005; Pucher & Buehler 2008).”
Background
Characteristics of cyclist crashes in Italy using latent class analysis and association rule mining
Prati, G., Angelis, M. D., Puchades, V. M., Fraboni, F., & Pietrantoni, L. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171484 · Cited by 40
Mapping neighbourhood outdoor activities: space, time, gender and age
Shirazi, M. R. (2018) · Journal of Urban Design · doi:10.1080/13574809.2018.1458607 · Cited by 40
Framing systemic traffic violence: Media coverage of Dutch traffic crashes
Brömmelstroet, M. T. (2020) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2020.100109 · Cited by 40
The importance of bicycle parking management
van der Spek, S., & Scheltema, N. (2015) · Research in Transportation Business & Management · doi:10.1016/j.rtbm.2015.03.001 · Cited by 40
Policy learning and sustainable urban transitions: Mobilising Berlin’s cycling renaissance
Sheldrick, A., Evans, J., & Schliwa, G. (2016) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/0042098016653889 · Cited by 40
“emerged in this vein, notable for achieving relatively rapid increases in cycling despite more modest levels of investment (Parker, 2001; Pucher and Buehler, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Built environment bikeability as a predictor of cycling frequency: Lessons from Barcelona
Codina, O., Maciejewska, M., Nadal, J., & Marquet, O. (2022) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2022.100725 · Cited by 39
Key influences on motivations for utility cycling (cycling for transport to and from places)
Heesch, K. C., & Sahlqvist, S. (2013) · Health Promotion Journal of Australia · doi:10.1071/he13062 · Cited by 39
Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Survivors of Pediatric Posterior Fossa Tumor
Wolfe, K. R., Hunter, G. R., Madan‐Swain, A., Reddy, A. T., Baños, J. H., & Kana, R. K. (2012) · Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology · doi:10.1097/mph.0b013e3182661996 · Cited by 41
Vélomobile Formations-in-Action
McIlvenny, P. (2013) · Space and Culture · doi:10.1177/1206331213508494 · Cited by 39
“…of the social interaction conducted when navigating such spaces, may shape policy making and inform the design of infrastructures that encourage cycling as a social practice (Pucher & Buehler, 2008; Watson, 2013), for example by facilitating the local negotiation and maintenance of M-formations.”
Background
On the effect of networks of cycle-tracks on the risk of cycling. The case of Seville
Marqués, R., & Hernández-Herrador, V. (2017) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2017.03.004 · Cited by 39
“…cycling infrastructure, like the Netherlands, Denmark or Germany, point in the direction desired by such planners and cycling advocates: bicycle kilometers traveled per inhabitant continued to increase, while the number of cycling fatalities continued to decline (Pucher and Buehler, 2008a,b).”
Background
Increasing Bicycling for Transportation: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Piatkowski, D. P., & Bopp, M. (2021) · Journal of Urban Planning and Development · doi:10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000693 · Cited by 39
Connecting Active Living Research and Public Policy: Transdisciplinary Research and Policy Interventions to Increase Physical Activity
Schilling, J., Giles‐Corti, B., & Sallis, J. F. (2009) · Journal of Public Health Policy · doi:10.1057/jphp.2008.59 · Cited by 39
“The presence of cycling infrastructure increases cycling (65), and children are more likely to walk to school in pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods (66–70).”
Background
Healthy urban blue space design: Exploring the associations of blue space quality with recreational running and cycling using crowdsourced data
Zhang, H., Nijhuis, S., Newton, C., & Tao, Y. (2024) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2024.105929 · Cited by 38
Contribution of exposure, risk of crash and fatality to explain age- and sex-related differences in traffic-related cyclist mortality rates
Martínez‐Ruiz, V., Jiménez-Mejías, E., Amezcua‐Prieto, C., Olmedo‐Requena, R., Luna, J. D. D., & Lardelli‐Claret, P. (2015) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2015.01.008 · Cited by 41
ESD between Systemic Change and Bureaucratic Obfuscation
Jucker, R. (2011) · Journal of Education for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1177/097340821000500109 · Cited by 38
“…package of measures for separate cycling facilities, intersection modifi cations, priority traffi c signals, traffi c calming, bike parking, coordination with public transport, education and training, and changes in and introduction of new laws have been implemented (Pucher and Buehler 2008: 512).”
Background
Cyclists' attitudes toward policies encouraging bicycle travel: findings from the Taupo Bicycle Study in New Zealand
Tin, S. T., Woodward, A. J., Thornley, S., Langley, J. D., Rodgers, A., & Ameratunga, S. N. (2009) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/dap041 · Cited by 38
“Coordinated implementation of both incentive and restrictive measures has been responsible for the expansion of cycle commuting in European countries ( Pucher and Buehler, 2008 ).”
Background
Travel modes in grocery shopping
Hagberg, J., & Holmberg, U. (2017) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/ijrdm-08-2016-0134 · Cited by 38
The city as a driver of new mobility patterns, cycling and gender equality: Travel behaviour trends in Stockholm 1985–2015
Bastian, A., & Börjesson, M. B. (2018) · Travel Behaviour and Society · doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2018.06.003 · Cited by 38
“…train trips in Stockholm County, 8% also involved a bicycle in the same trip in parking at train stations, wider and more extensive bicycle paths (Pucher and Buehler, 2008) and a distance-based transit pricing, as opposed to the period tickets that are used by 70% of Stockholm County transit…”
Using Community-Based Participatory Research Strategies in Age-Friendly Communities to Solve Mobility Challenges
Dabelko‐Schoeny, H., Fields, N. L., White, K., Sheldon, M., Ravi, K. E., Robinson, S. R., Murphy, I. E., & Jennings, C. (2020) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1080/01634372.2020.1769787 · Cited by 38
How do the characteristics of bike lanes influence safety perception and the intention to use cycling as a feeder mode to BRT?
Márquez, L., Cantillo, V., & Arellana, J. (2021) · Travel Behaviour and Society · doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2021.04.005 · Cited by 38
What is the best way to promote cycling? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Doğru, O. C., Webb, T. L., & Norman, P. E. (2021) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2021.06.002 · Cited by 41
Desirable transport futures
Gößling, S., Cohen, S., Higham, J. E. S., Peeters, P., & Eijgelaar, E. (2018) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2018.01.008 · Cited by 38
Some people feel the rain, others just get wet: An analysis of regional differences in the effects of weather on cycling
Goldmann, K., & Wessel, J. (2020) · Research in Transportation Business & Management · doi:10.1016/j.rtbm.2020.100541 · Cited by 39
“• Cycle route density: A good cycling infrastructure can be a strong incentive for people to use their bikes (Pucher and Buehler, 2008).”
Background
Understanding long-term changes in commuter mode use of a pilot featuring free e-bike trials
Ton, D., & Duives, D. C. (2021) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.03.010 · Cited by 37
“Some countries have already achieved (relatively) high use of sustainable mobility, such as the Netherlands and Denmark, especially through cycling and walking (Pucher and Buehler, 2008).”
Background
Multimodal Travel Choices of Bicyclists
Kuhnimhof, T., Chlond, B., & Huang, P.-C. (2010) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.3141/2190-03 · Cited by 37
Intervenção comunitária para prevenção de acidentes de trânsito entre trabalhadores ciclistas
Bacchieri, G., Barros, A. J. D., dos Santos, J. V., Gonçalves, H., & Gigante, D. P. (2010) · Revista de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0034-89102010000500012 · Cited by 37
Using Object Detection on Social Media Images for Urban Bicycle Infrastructure Planning: A Case Study of Dresden
Knura, M., Kluger, F., Zahtila, M., Schiewe, J., Rosenhahn, B., & Burghardt, D. (2021) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi10110733 · Cited by 36
“Cities usually pay attention to providing a larger number of bicycle parking at popular locations such as train stations, shopping malls and highly frequented squares; however, numerous bicycles are often randomly parked in the surrounding areas where there are fewer bicycle racks available [3].”
Background
The political economy of streetspace reallocation projects: Aldgate Square and Bank Junction, London
Hickman, R., & Sallo, K. I. H. (2022) · Journal of Urban Design · doi:10.1080/13574809.2022.2033113 · Cited by 36
“Cycling provision has also received increased coverage, including effective network design (Pucher and Buehler 2008; Forsyth and Krizek 2011; Colville-Anderson 2018).”
Planning for sustainable mobility in transition cities: Cycling losses and hopes of revival in Novi Sad, Serbia
Mrkajić, V., & Anguelovski, I. (2015) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2015.11.029 · Cited by 36
Bicycle mode share in China: a city-level analysis of long term trends
Li, Z., Wang, W., Yang, C., & Ding, H. (2016) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-016-9676-8 · Cited by 36
Planning for cycling in the dispersed city: establishing a hierarchy of effectiveness of municipal cycling policies
Adam, L., Jones, T. J., & Brömmelstroet, M. T. (2018) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-018-9878-3 · Cited by 36
“2016; Pucher and Buehler 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
The factors shaping car drivers’ attitudes towards cyclist and their impact on behaviour
Fruhen, L. S., Rossen, I., & Griffin, M. A. (2018) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2018.11.006 · Cited by 36
An intersectional analysis of barriers to cycling for marginalized communities in a cycling-friendly French City
Vietinghoff, C. (2021) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.102967 · Cited by 39
Peak Car in the Big City: Reducing London's transport greenhouse gas emissions
Metz, D. (2015) · Case Studies on Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.cstp.2015.05.001 · Cited by 36
“…to grow in most of the developed economies, starting well before the recession, and may be declining in some cases—a phenomenon known as ‘Peak Car’ (Puentes and Tomer, 2008; Lucas and Jones, 2009; Metz, 2010; Millard-Ball and Schipper, 2011; Le Vine and Jones, 2012; Kuhnimhof et al., 2012;…”
BackgroundInfluential
Adults’ attitudes towards child cycling: a study of the impact of infrastructure
Aldred, R. (2015) · European journal of transport and infrastructure research · doi:10.18757/ejtir.2015.15.2.3064 · Cited by 36
Models for estimating zone-level bike kilometers traveled using bike network, land use, and road facility variables
Osama, A., Sayed, T., & Bigazzi, A. Y. (2016) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2016.11.016 · Cited by 36
“…cycling (Kerr et al., 2016) or if there is a sheer dominance of automobiles in those areas (Kim and Yamashita, 2002) that would make roads less friendly and less safe for cyclists, particularly if there are no trafﬁc calming policies applied (Pucher and Dijkstra, 2003; Pucher and Buehler, 2008).”
Background
Analysis of gender-specific bicycle route choices using revealed preference surveys based on GPS traces
Rupi, F., Freo, M., Poliziani, C., Postorino, M. N., & Schweizer, J. (2023) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2023.01.001 · Cited by 35
Mechanisms underpinning use of new walking and cycling infrastructure in different contexts: mixed-method analysis
Sahlqvist, S., Goodman, A., Jones, T. J., Powell, J. E., Song, Y., & Ogilvie, D. (2015) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0185-5 · Cited by 35
“determining the uptake of cycling [6,34,35].”
Hot or not? The role of cycling in ASEAN megacities: Case studies of Bangkok and Manila
Bakker, S., Guillen, M. D., Nanthachatchavankul, P., Zuidgeest, M. H. P., Pardo, C., & van Maarseveen, M. F. A. M. (2017) · International Journal of Sustainable Transportation · doi:10.1080/15568318.2017.1384522 · Cited by 35
“Separate cycling facilities, traffic calming measures, integration with public transport, and transport demand management are identified as important measures in Pucher and Buehler (2008).”
Background
Changes in bicycling frequency in children and adults after bicycle skills training: A scoping review
Sersli, S., DeVries, D. N., Gislason, M., Scott, N. A., & Winters, M. (2018) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2018.07.012 · Cited by 35
Beyond the confines of choice architecture: A critical analysis
Meder, B., Fleischhut, N., & Osman, M. (2018) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2018.08.004 · Cited by 35
Resemblance in accelerometer-assessed physical activity in families with children: the Lolland-Falster Health Study
Petersen, T. L., Brønd, J. C., Kristensen, P. L., Aadland, E., Grøntved, A., & Jepsen, R. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-020-01067-7 · Cited by 35
A cluster analysis of cyclists in Europe: common patterns, behaviours, and attitudes
Fraboni, F., Prati, G., Casu, G., Angelis, M. D., & Pietrantoni, L. (2021) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-021-10187-3 · Cited by 35
Mapping commuter cycling risk in urban areas
Yiannakoulias, N. W., Bennet, S. A., & Scott, D. M. (2012) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.12.002 · Cited by 35
Infrastructure and spatial effects on the frequency of cyclist-motorist collisions in the Copenhagen Region
Prato, C. G., Kaplan, S., Rasmussen, T. K., & Hels, T. (2016) · Journal of Transportation Safety & Security · doi:10.1080/19439962.2015.1055414 · Cited by 35
“First, it allows providing an outer marker for emphasizing safety issues and suggesting traffic and policy measures that are relevant for the realization of cycling safety in Denmark as well as in other countries (see, e.g., Pucher & Buehler, 2008).”
Background
Vulnerable Road Users or Vulnerable Transport Planning?
Khayesi, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Sustainable Cities · doi:10.3389/frsc.2020.00025 · Cited by 34
“For example, the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany have over the years implemented integrated and self-reinforcing landuse and transport planning policies, consisting of provision of separate cycling facilities along heavily travelled roads and at intersections, traffic calming of most residential neighbourhoods, provi…”
Background
Pop-Up Cycleways
Harris, M. S., & McCue, P. A. (2022) · Journal of the American Planning Association · doi:10.1080/01944363.2022.2061578 · Cited by 34
“Of trips under 2.5 km (1.5 miles), 37% are taken by bicycle in the Netherlands and 27% in Denmark, compared with 2% in the United States and United Kingdom (Pucher & Buehler, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
Spatial and socioeconomic inequities in liveability in Australia’s 21 largest cities: Does city size matter?
Giles‐Corti, B., Saghapour, T., Turrell, G., Gunn, L., Both, A., Lowe, M., Rozek, J., Roberts, R. J., Hooper, P., Butt, A., et al. (2022) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102899 · Cited by 34
Travel behaviour and multimodality: a conceptual framework and critical review of research
Huang, Y., Ma, L., & Vos, J. D. (2024) · Transport Reviews · doi:10.1080/01441647.2023.2300088 · Cited by 34
“Cities in these regions actively plan and formulate policies around integrating public transport, cycling, and park-and-ride (P&R) systems (Pucher & Buehler, 2008; Rongen et al., 2022).”
Background
A Preliminary Analysis Over the Factors Related with the Possession of an Electric Bike
Astegiano, P., Tampère, C. M. J., & Beckx, C. (2015) · Transportation research procedia · doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2015.09.089 · Cited by 34
“Groundbreaking studies (Stinson and Bhat, 2004) aimed at evaluating the factors that impact bicycle frequency use for an individual’s commute to and from work as well as the integration of cycling with public transportation (Pucher and Buehler, 2008).”
Background
The Influence of Urban Land-Use and Public Transport Facilities on Active Commuting in Wellington, New Zealand: Active Transport Forecasting Using the WILUTE Model
Mackenbach, J. D., Randal, E., Zhao, P., & Howden‐Chapman, P. (2016) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su8030242 · Cited by 34
“The provision of safe and continuous cycling facilities, in combination with strict land-use policies that foster compact, mixed-use developments (allowing for shorter and thus more bikeable trips), has been hypothesized to explain the success of cycling rates in the Netherlands [12].”
BackgroundInfluential
Potential pollution exposure reductions from small-distance bicycle lane separations
Pattinson, W., Kingham, S., Longley, I. D., & Salmond, J. (2016) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2016.10.002 · Cited by 34
Understanding international road safety disparities: Why is Australia so much safer than the United States?
Marshall, W. E. (2017) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2017.11.031 · Cited by 34
Evaluating the impact of implementing public bicycle share programs on cycling: the International Bikeshare Impacts on Cycling and Collisions Study (IBICCS)
Hosford, K., Winters, M., Gauvin, L. I., Camden, A., Dubé, A.-S., Friedman, S., & Fuller, D. (2019) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-019-0871-9 · Cited by 34
“In countries with low cycling rates, there remains a significant gender gap in cycling [9, 10, 26, 27].”
Background
Prescribing active transport as a planetary health intervention – benefits, challenges and recommendations
Toner, A., Lewis, J. S., Stanhope, J., & Marić, F. (2021) · Physical Therapy Reviews · doi:10.1080/10833196.2021.1876598 · Cited by 35
“In contrast with coun‐ tries investing in active transport infrastructure, there has been a steady increase in pedestrian and cyclist fatalities in the USA, which focus transport infrastructure on personal vehicle use [70,84,85].”
BackgroundInfluential
Gender differences in bicycle sharing system usage in the city of Valencia
Pellicer-Chenoll, M., Pans, M., Seifert, R., López-Cañada, E., García‐Massó, X., Devís‐Devís, J., & González, L.-M. (2020) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102556 · Cited by 33
“It also explains the gender differences between the high and low bicycle-use countries, since as many women as men use bicycles in northern European countries, while only a quarter of the cyclists in English-speaking countries are women (Pucher & Buehler, 2008).”
Influential
Assessing the readiness for 15-minute cities: a literature review on performance metrics and implementation challenges worldwide
Carvalho, T., Farber, S., Manaugh, K., & El-Geneidy, A. (2025) · Transport Reviews · doi:10.1080/01441647.2025.2513530 · Cited by 33
“Like density, mixed land use is often prescribed as a strategy to revitalise communities (Rabianski & Clements, 2007), reduce car dependency (Levine, 2010), promote active transport (Fonseca et al., 2021; Pucher & Buehler, 2008), and foster social diversity (Moos et al., 2018; Raman & Roy, 2019).”
Neighborhood and PA: Neighborhood Factors and Physical Activity in African American Public Housing Residents
Lee, R. E., Mama, S. K., McAlexander, K. P., Adamus-Leach, H. J., & Medina, A. V. (2011) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.8.s1.s83 · Cited by 33
Characteristics, cycling patterns, and crash and injury experiences at baseline of a cohort of transport and recreational cyclists in New South Wales, Australia
Poulos, R. G., Hatfield, J., Rissel, C. E., Flack, L. K., Murphy, S., Grzebieta, R. H., & McIntosh, A. S. (2015) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2015.02.008 · Cited by 33
Investigating next generation's cycling ridership to promote sustainable mobility in different types of cities
Kamargianni, M. (2015) · Research in Transportation Economics · doi:10.1016/j.retrec.2015.10.018 · Cited by 33
“…and lanes, parking space availability, off-road and in-traffic facilities, and widely use SP data (Bhat, 2015; Dill & Carr, 2003; Garrard, Geoffrey, & Sing Kai, 2008; Kamargianni and Polydoropoulou, 2013b; Ortúzar, Iacobelli, & Valeze, 2000; Pucher & Buehler, 2008; Sener, Eluru, & Bhat, 2009).”
Socioeconomic and demographic differences in walking and cycling in the Netherlands: How do these translate into differences in health benefits?
Gao, J., Helbich, M., Dijst, M., & Kamphuis, C. B. M. (2017) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2017.06.001 · Cited by 33
“In countries with relatively high cycling levels such as the Netherlands, however, the natives are signi ﬁ cantly more likely to cycle than the non-native population (Pucher and Buehler, 2008).”
Background
Factors influencing bicycle use: a binary choice model with panel data
Barberan, A., Silva, J. D. A. E., & Monzon, A. (2017) · Transportation research procedia · doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2017.12.097 · Cited by 33
Impact of household proximity to the cycling network on bicycle ridership: The case of Bogotá
Rodríguez-Valencia, Á., Rosas-Satizábal, D., Gordo, D., & Ochoa, A. F. (2019) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.102480 · Cited by 33
Autonomous vehicles, car-dominated environments, and cycling: Using an ethnography of infrastructure to reflect on the prospects of a new transportation technology
Latham, A., & Nattrass, M. P. (2019) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.102539 · Cited by 37
“These range from design elements like bike lanes, cycle traffic lights and shared streets, to bike hire schemes (docked and dockless), cycle cafes, and smartphone navigation apps to name just a few examples (Pucher and Buehler, 2008; Aldred and Dales, 2017; Parkin, 2018b).”
Background
“Going through a little bit of growing pains”: A qualitative study of the factors that influence the route choice of regular bicyclists in a developing cycling city
Desjardins, É., Apatu, E., Razavi, D., Higgins, C. D., Scott, D. M., & Páez, A. (2021) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2021.06.005 · Cited by 33
Relationships between Self-Reported Bicycling Injuries and Perceived Risk of Cyclists in Queensland, Australia
Washington, S. P., Haworth, N. L., & Schramm, A. (2012) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.3141/2314-08 · Cited by 33
“The crash risk of bicycle riding varies among jurisdictions, being lower in those countries where cycling participation rates are higher (4).”
Background
Social enterprise as catalyst of transformation in the micro-mobility sector
Sunio, V., Laperal, M., & Mateo-Babiano, I. B. (2020) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2020.05.027 · Cited by 32
The relationship between perceived built environment and cycling or e-biking for transport among older adults–a cross-sectional study
Brüchert, T., Quentin, P., & Bolte, G. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267314 · Cited by 32
“Although previous studies have mostly been conducted in larger cities [46,56], this study has confirmed the positive effect of cycling and shared infrastructure as well as walking infrastructure on cycling and cycling frequency for smaller towns.”
BackgroundResult
A bumpy ride: structural inequalities, quality standards, and institutional limitations affecting cycling infrastructure
Tiznado-Aitken, I., Mora, R., Oyarzún, G., Vergara, J., & Vecchio, G. (2022) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2022.103434 · Cited by 32
Measuring the Impacts of Bike-to-Work Day Events and Identifying Barriers to Increased Commuter Cycling
Piatkowski, D. P., Bronson, R., Marshall, W. E., & Krizek, K. J. (2014) · Journal of Urban Planning and Development · doi:10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000239 · Cited by 32
“On-street bicycle treatments in much of the United States are modest compared to those in many European cities with high bicycle mode shares (Pucher and Buehler 2008), and outside of an event day, novice cyclists may feel intimidated on U.S. streets.”
Background
Why do people like bicycling? Modeling affect toward bicycling
Xing, Y., Volker, J. M. B., & Handy, S. (2018) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2018.03.018 · Cited by 32
Evaluating cyclist patterns using GPS data from smartphones
Rupi, F., & Schweizer, J. (2018) · IET Intelligent Transport Systems · doi:10.1049/iet-its.2017.0285 · Cited by 31
“Many studies [1–5] have found a positive correlation between bike facilities and overall levels of cycling.”
Background
Practitioners' perspective on user experience and design of cycle highways
Liu, G., Brömmelstroet, M. T., Krishnamurthy, S., & van Wesemael, P. J. V. (2019) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2019.100010 · Cited by 31
“Particular attention was paid to northern and western European countries in which cycling is relatively matured (Pucher and Buehler, 2008; Vanden-bulcke et al., 2009).”
An international comparison of the self-reported causes of cyclist stress using quasi-naturalistic cycling
Gadsby, A., Hagenzieker, M., & Watkins, K. E. (2020) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102932 · Cited by 31
“The Dutch have been improving their cycling network since a reversal from caroriented policies in the 1970’s (Pucher and Buehler, 2008).”
Background
Who uses green mobility? Exploring profiles in developed countries
Echeverría, L., Giménez-Nadal, J. I., & Molina, J. A. (2022) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2022.07.008 · Cited by 31
Arguments for cycling as a mechanism for sustainable modal shifts in Bogotá
Oviedo, D. R., & Sabogal-Cardona, O. (2022) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2022.103291 · Cited by 31
How does hourly variation in exposure to cyclists and motorised vehicles affect cyclist safety? A case study from a Dutch cycling capital
Uijtdewilligen, T., Ulak, M. B., Wijlhuizen, G. J., Bijleveld, F. D., Dijkstra, A., & Geurs, K. (2022) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105740 · Cited by 31
Near miss experiences of transport and recreational cyclists in New South Wales, Australia. Findings from a prospective cohort study
Poulos, R. G., Hatfield, J., Rissel, C. E., Flack, L. K., Shaw, L., Grzebieta, R. H., & McIntosh, A. S. (2017) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2017.01.020 · Cited by 31
Mortality, greenhouse gas emissions and consumer cost impacts of combined diet and physical activity scenarios: a health impact assessment study
Tainio, M., Monsivais, P., Jones, N. R. V., Brand, C., & Woodcock, J. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014199 · Cited by 31
An improved Burgers cellular automaton model for bicycle flow
Xue, S., Jia, B., Jiang, R., Li, X., & Shan, J. (2017) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2017.05.036 · Cited by 31
Individual and geographic variations in the propensity to travel by active modes in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
Martín, B., & Páez, A. (2019) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.03.005 · Cited by 31
Why do cars get a free ride? The social-ecological roots of motonormativity
Walker, I. O., & Brömmelstroet, M. T. (2025) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.102980 · Cited by 30
Lessons from 40 years of planning for cycle‐inclusion: Reflections from S antiago, C hile
Sagaris, L. (2015) · Natural Resources Forum · doi:10.1111/1477-8947.12062 · Cited by 34
“One Less Car”
Dalpian, P. R. C., da Silveira, T., & Rossi, C. A. V. (2014) · Journal of Macromarketing · doi:10.1177/0276146714552904 · Cited by 30
Driver anger towards cyclists in Australia: Investigating the role of the perceived legitimacy of cyclists as road users
Oldmeadow, J. A., Povey, S., Povey, A., & Critchley, C. R. (2019) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2019.04.021 · Cited by 30
Cyclists’ self-reported experiences of, and attributions about, perceived aggressive behaviour while sharing roads and paths in New South Wales, Australia
Poulos, R. G., Hatfield, J., Rissel, C. E., Flack, L. K., Grzebieta, R. H., & McIntosh, A. S. (2019) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2019.04.027 · Cited by 30
Understanding cycling travel distance: The case of Medellin city (Colombia)
Ospina, J. P., Botero, V., Duque, J. C., Brussel, M. J. G., & Grigolon, A. (2020) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2020.102423 · Cited by 30
Comprehensive Traffic Calming as a Key Element of Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans—Impacts of a Neighbourhood Redesign in Ljutomer
Balant, M., & Lep, M. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12198143 · Cited by 30
“Despite the optimistic results from the studied areas, positive traffic calming effects on traffic safety reported from several other studies [23,60] and the improvement of traffic safety in Europe and Slovenia in general in recent years, the fact that settlements are still the most dangerous traffic areas is worrying.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
What do trip data reveal about bike-sharing system users?
Willberg, E. S., Salonen, M., & Toivonen, T. (2021) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.102971 · Cited by 30
The decision to start commuting by bicycle in Bogotá, Colombia: Motivations and influences
Rodríguez-Valencia, Á., Rosas-Satizábal, D., Unda, R., & Handy, S. (2021) · Travel Behaviour and Society · doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2021.02.003 · Cited by 30
Reframing safety: An analysis of perceptions of cycle safety clothing
Aldred, R., & Woodcock, J. (2015) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.05.001 · Cited by 30
“This is in the English context: such items are still far more common than in high-cycling contexts such as the Netherlands (Pucher and Buehler 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
Cycling promotion schemes and long-term behavioural change: A case study from the University of Sheffield
Uttley, J., & Lovelace, R. (2016) · Case Studies on Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.cstp.2016.01.001 · Cited by 30
“There is also evidence to support the ‘strength in numbers’ hypothesis that cycling becomes safer per kilometre as the number of cyclists increases (Pucher and Buehler, 2008).”
Background
Seasonal variation in hospital admission for road traffic injuries in England: analysis of hospital statistics
Gill, M., & Goldacre, M. J. (2009) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.2009.021675 · Cited by 30
“The most obvious explanation for the substantial peak of summer injuries to motorcyclists and pedal cyclists is that many more people use bikes during the summer months. The child pedestrian peaks are in April, May, and June (school summer term), and in September and October (start of school autumn term), which may re…”
Background
Results From England’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Wilkie, H. J., Standage, M., Sherar, L. B., Cumming, S. P., Parnell, C., Davis, A., Foster, C. E., & Jago, R. (2016) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2016-0298 · Cited by 28
“Sport England.”
BackgroundInfluential
New Trends in Sustainable Business and Consumption
Tachiciu, L. (2022) · Proceeding Papers · doi:10.24818/basiq/2022/ · Cited by 30

Authors: Pucher, J., & Buehler, R.
Affiliations: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Corresponding author: Pucher, John
ORCID: Pucher, John
Buehler, Ralph
Venue: Transport Reviews
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2008-07
Volume: 28
Issue: 4
Pages: 495-528
ISSN: 0144-1647 (ISSN-L)
1464-5327
DOI: 10.1080/01441640701806612
OpenAlex: W2164133872
Cited by: 1,591
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 58 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 134 · 2020: 109 · 2019: 122 · 2018: 111 · 2017: 100 · 2016: 77 · 2015: 119 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 75
FWCI: 135.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Transport Reviews (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
Social Sciences › Transportation › Transportation Planning and Optimization
Social Sciences › Transportation › Railways and European Transport Policy
Keywords: cycling promotion, cycling infrastructure, traffic calming, bicycle parking, public transport integration, road safety education, motor vehicle tax, parking restrictions, land use policy, urban travel behavior, Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, United States

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Making Cycling Irresistible: Lessons from The Netherlands, Denmark and Germany

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks