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Assessment of vitamin D concentration in non-supplemented professional athletes and healthy adults during the winter months in the UK: implications for skeletal muscle function
Abstract
The current study implemented a two-part design to (1) assess the vitamin D concentration of a large cohort of non-vitamin D supplemented UK-based athletes and 30 age-matched healthy non-athletes and (2) to examine the effects of 5000 IU · day(-1) vitamin D(3) supplementation for 8-weeks on musculoskeletal performance in a placebo controlled trial. Vitamin D concentration was determined as severely deficient if serum 25(OH)D < 12.5 nmol · l(-1), deficient 12.5-30 nmol · l(-1) and inadequate 30-50 nmol · l(-1). We demonstrate that 62% of the athletes (38/61) and 73% of the controls (22/30) exhibited serum total 25(OH)D < 50 nmol · l(-1). Additionally, vitamin D supplementation increased serum total 25(OH)D from baseline (mean ± SD = 29 ± 25 to 103 ± 25 nmol · l(-1), P = 0.0028), whereas the placebo showed no significant change (53 ± 29 to 74 ± 24 nmol · l(-1), P = 0.12). There was a significant increase in 10 m sprint times (P = 0.008) and vertical-jump (P = 0.008) in the vitamin D group whereas the placebo showed no change (P = 0.587 and P = 0.204 respectively). The current data supports previous findings that athletes living at Northerly latitudes (UK = 53° N) exhibit inadequate vitamin D concentrations (<50 nmol · l(-1)). Additionally the data suggests that inadequate vitamin D concentration is detrimental to musculoskeletal performance in athletes. Future studies using larger athletic groups are now warranted.
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In the citing paper
“It is widely known that supplementation with high doses of 5000–10,000 IU/day of vitamin D3 is effective in treating athletes with 25(OH)D deficiency [9,14,42].”
From Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“It has been estimated that during the winter season, almost 60% of outdoor athletes and 64% of indoor athletes have a level of 25(OH)D <30 ng/mL, which indicates insufficiency of vitamin D [11,12,13,14,15].”
From Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“In the studies of Jastrzebska [7] and Close [14], vitamin D supplementation in a high dose of 5000 IU per day for 8 weeks improved vertical jump height, 10 m sprint times and VO2max in competitive soccer players [7,14].”
From Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“In our laboratory, we have reported detrimental effects on muscle function when concentrations are below 30nmol/L [140] with no performance enhancing effects of vitamin D supplements if the starting concentration is around 50nmol/L [145].”
From New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance (2016) · cites this paper as [140]
In the citing paper
“This emerging knowledge, combined with a plethora of research suggesting that many athletes are vitamin D deficient [140], largely due to a sun-shy lifestyle and poor dietary sources of vitamin D, even those living in sunny climates [141] has resulted in vitamin D being one of the most widely supplemented vitamins in sports nutrition.”
From New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance (2016) · cites this paper as [140]
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High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in professional handball athletes
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Metadata
- Authors
- Close, G. L., Russell, J., Cobley, J. N., Owens, D. J., Wilson, G., Gregson, W., Fraser, W. D., & Morton, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Close, G.L.
- Venue
- Journal of Sports Sciences
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 344-353
- ISSN
- 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-447X
- OpenAlex
- W2019663454
- Cited by
- 246
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 13
- FWCI
- 12.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- vitamin D status, vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D supplementation, vitamin D3, professional athletes, sprint performance, vertical jump, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, winter, latitude, United Kingdom
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Physical Exertion, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Movement, Running, Seasons, Sports, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Prevalence, Case-Control Studies, Muscle, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements, Athletic Performance, Young Adult
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