Sensitivity to reward and punishment in major depressive disorder: Effects of rumination and of single versus multiple experiences
Open accessAbstract
In the current study, we examined the postulation that rumination makes it difficult for depressed individuals to learn the exact probability that different stimuli will be associated with punishment. To do so, we induced rumination or distraction in depressed and never-depressed participants and then measured punishment and reward sensitivity with a probabilistic selection task. In this task, participants first learn the probability that different stimuli will be associated with reward and punishment. During a subsequent test phase in which novel combinations of stimuli are presented, participants' sensitivity to reward is tested by measuring their tendency to select the stimuli that were most highly rewarded during training, and their sensitivity to punishment is tested by measuring their tendency to not select the stimuli that were most highly punished during training. Compared with distraction, rumination led depressed participants to be less sensitive to the probability that stimuli will be associated with punishment and relatively less sensitive to punishment than reward. Never-depressed participants and depressed participants who were distracted from rumination were as sensitive to reward as they were to punishment. The effects of rumination on sensitivity to punishment may be a mechanism by which rumination can lead to maladaptive consequences.
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People with emotional disorders often show impaired reward and threat learning, producing narrow and rigid behavioral repertoires.
“individuals with emotional disorders often exhibit deficiencies in reward (e.g., Bogdan & Pizzagalli, 2006) and threat learning (e.g., Lissek, 2012; Whitmer et al., 2012) that result in impoverished and inflexible repertoires of behavior in response to the situations that typically function to promote escape, avoidance, or inactivity as a means of attempting to manage emotional/motivational”
From What, me worry and ruminate about dsm-5 and rdoc? The importance of targeting negative self-referential processing (2013) · cites this paper as Whitmer et al., 2012
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports impaired punishment learning in clinically depressed participants induced to ruminate, and suggests this could make them less likely to act. Whitmer et al. is cited for threat learning, but its findings are conditional on rumination in major depression; it does not establish a general threat-learning deficit across emotional disorders or demonstrate impoverished, inflexible behavioral repertoires. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredElevated NSRP is linked to poorer cognitive and behavioral performance, worse treatment response, and more relapse.
“High levels of NSRP are associated with considerable deficits in cognitive and behavioral responding (e.g., Lissek, 2012; Whitmer, Frank, & Gotlib, 2012) as well as an inferior treatment response and greater relapse (e.g., Jones, Siegle, & Thase, 2008).”
From What, me worry and ruminate about dsm-5 and rdoc? The importance of targeting negative self-referential processing (2013) · cites this paper as Whitmer et al., 2012
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that induced rumination made clinically depressed participants poorer at learning punishment probabilities and avoiding highly punished stimuli, supporting a specific cognitive and behavioral deficit. It does not establish that high levels of NSRP broadly produce considerable deficits across cognitive and behavioral responding. The treatment-response and relapse claims are attached to Jones et al. (2008), not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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- Authors
- Whitmer, A. J., Frank, M. J., & Gotlib, I. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Whitmer, Anson J.
- Venue
- Cognition & Emotion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1475-1485
- ISSN
- 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0600
- PMC
- PMC11880990
- OpenAlex
- W1982842107
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH59259, F32MH087115, MH087115-01A1, R01MH059259)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, rumination, reward sensitivity, punishment sensitivity, probabilistic learning, distraction, punishment learning, reward learning
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Association Learning, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychomotor Performance, Punishment, Reward, Thinking, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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