Blunted response to feedback information in depressive illness
Abstract
Depressive illness is associated with sustained widespread cognitive deficits, in addition to repeated experience of distressing emotions. An accepted theory, which broadly accounts for features of the syndrome, and its delayed response to antidepressant medication, is lacking. One possibility, which has received considerable attention, is that depressive illness is associated with a specific underlying deficit: a blunted or impaired ability to respond to feedback information. Unlike healthy controls, if patients with a depressive illness commit an error, they can be at increased risk of committing a subsequent error, possibly due to a failure to adjust performance in order to reduce the risk of error. In some speeded tasks, performance adjustment in humans is reliably associated with trial-to-trial change in reaction times (RTs), such as 'post-error slowing'. Previous studies of abnormal response to feedback have not investigated RT change in any detail. We used a combination of quantitative modelling of RTs and fMRI in 15 patients and 14 matched controls to test the hypothesis that depressive illness was associated with a blunted behavioural and neural response to feedback information during a gambling task. The results supported the hypothesis. Controls responded to negative ('lose') feedback by an increase in RT and activation of the anterior cingulate, the extent of which correlated with RT change. Patients did not significantly increase their RTs, nor activate the anterior cingulate. Controls responded to positive ('win') feedback by a reduction in RT and activation of the ventral striatum, the extent of which correlated with RT change. Patients neither reduced their RT nor activated the ventral striatum. RT adjustment correlated with self-reported anhedonia for both patients and controls. This behavioural deficit, together with its associated pattern of abnormal neural activity, implies that the anterior midline cortical substrate for error correction, which includes projections from the monoamine systems, is dysfunctional in depressive illness. Many studies have reported abnormalities of the medial frontal cortex in depressive illness; however, the mechanism by which antidepressant medication acts via the monoamine systems remains elusive. Our results suggest a direct link between the core subjective symptom of anhedonia, replicated neuropsychological deficits, electrophysiological and imaging abnormalities, and hypothesized dysfunction of the error correction system.
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Healthy individuals respond to negative feedback with aMCC activation and improved reaction times.
“healthy individuals responded to negative feedback with aMCC activation and improved reaction times”
From Motivation in the Service of Allostasis: The Role of Anterior Mid-Cingulate Cortex (2019) · cites this paper as Steele et al., 2007
Depressed individuals show neither aMCC engagement nor behavioral improvement following errors.
“while depressed individuals showed neither aMCC engagement or behavioral improvement following errors.”
From Motivation in the Service of Allostasis: The Role of Anterior Mid-Cingulate Cortex (2019) · cites this paper as Steele et al., 2007
The inability to adjust behavior following errors is correlated with the degree of anhedonia.
“This inability to adjust behavior was also correlated with the degree of anhedonia (Steele et al., 2007).”
From Motivation in the Service of Allostasis: The Role of Anterior Mid-Cingulate Cortex (2019) · cites this paper as Steele et al., 2007
Reduced mesolimbic activity in MDD is found during reward anticipation and outcomes in both adults and children, and during reward learning.
“Reduced mesolimbic activity in MDD has been found during reward anticipation and outcomes in both adults and children [210,219-227] and during reward learning [206].”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [225]
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- Authors
- Steele, J. D., Kumar, P., & Ebmeier, K. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-07-24
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2367-2374
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- OpenAlex
- W2142544832
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 5.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- depressive disorders, feedback response, error correction, post-error slowing, reaction time, anterior cingulate cortex, ventral striatum, anhedonia, gambling task, monoaminergic systems, antidepressant response, cognitive impairment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Basal Ganglia, Brain Mapping, Depressive Disorder, Female, Frontal Lobe, Gambling, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Reaction Time, Feedback, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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