People look at the object they fear: oculomotor capture by stimuli that signal threat
Open accessAbstract
It is known that people covertly attend to threatening stimuli even when it is not beneficial for the task. In the current study we examined whether overt selection is affected by the presence of an object that signals threat. We demonstrate that stimuli that signal the possibility of receiving an electric shock capture the eyes more often than stimuli signalling no shock. Capture occurred even though the threat-signalling stimulus was neither physically salient nor task relevant at any point during the experiment. Crucially, even though fixating the threat-related stimulus made it more likely to receive a shock, results indicate that participants could not help but doing it. Our findings indicate that the presence of a stimulus merely signalling the possibility of receiving a shock is prioritised in selection, and exogenously captures the eyes even when this ultimately results in the execution of the threat (i.e. receiving a shock). Oculomotor capture was particularly pronounced for the fastest saccades which is consistent with the idea that threat influences visual selection at an early stage of processing, when selection is mainly involuntarily.
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Nissens et al. observed oculomotor capture by the threat-signaling stimulus even under conditions where attending it was strongly discouraged and could be harmful.
“Nissens et al. observed oculomotor capture by the threat-signaling stimulus even under these aggravated conditions.”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Nissens, Failing, & Theeuwes, 2016
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Does fear conditioning via mental imagery influence subsequent attention?
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Pelley, M. E. L. (2026) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218261449808
Motivational Salience Impacts Orientation Discrimination in a Saccadic Target Selection Task
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- Authors
- Nissens, T., Failing, M., & Theeuwes, J.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University (BE)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Nissens, Tom
- Venue
- Cognition and Emotion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-10-31
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1707-1714
- ISSN
- 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0600
- OpenAlex
- W2544759181
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 4.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Research Council (ERC-2012-AdG – 323413])
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- oculomotor capture, electric shock, saccades, threat-related stimuli, covert attention
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Eye Movements, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation, Young Adult
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