Distracted by danger: Temporal and spatial dynamics of visual selection in the presence of threat
Open accessAbstract
Threatening stimuli are known to influence attentional and visual processes in order to prioritize selection. For example, previous research showed faster detection of threatening relative to nonthreatening stimuli. This has led to the proposal that threatening stimuli are prioritized automatically via a rapid subcortical route. However, in most studies, the threatening stimulus is always to some extent task relevant. Therefore, it is still unclear if threatening stimuli are automatically prioritized by the visual system. We used the additional singleton paradigm with task-irrelevant fear-conditioned distractors (CS+ and CS-) and indexed the time course of eye movement behavior. The results demonstrate automatic prioritization of threat. First, mean latency of saccades directed to the neutral target was increased in the presence of a threatening (CS+) relative to a nonthreatening distractor (CS-), indicating exogenous attentional capture and delayed disengagement of covert attention. Second, more error saccades were directed to the threatening than to the nonthreatening distractor, indicating a modulation of automatically driven saccades. Nevertheless, cumulative distributions of the saccade latencies showed no modulation of threat for the fastest goal-driven saccades, and threat did not affect the latency of the error saccades to the distractors. Together these results suggest that threatening stimuli are automatically prioritized in attentional and visual selection but not via faster processing. Rather, we suggest that prioritization results from an enhanced representation of the threatening stimulus in the oculomotor system, which drives attentional and visual selection. The current findings are interpreted in terms of a neurobiological model of saccade programming.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Fear-associated stimuli strongly bias spatial attention.
“Corroborating evidence comes from fear-conditioning studies which show that fear-associated stimuli strongly bias spatial attention (Mulckhuyse & Dalmaijer, 2016; Wang, Yu, & Zhou, 2013).”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Mulckhuyse & Dalmaijer, 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
LeDoux, J. E. (2000) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.155 · Cited by 8,444 · see citing works
Journal of experimental psychology: Human Perception and performance
Jong, R. D., Coles, M. G. H., Logan, G. D., & Gratton, G. (1987) · Journal of Sound and Vibration · doi:10.1016/0022-460x(87)90423-8 · Cited by 5,411 · see citing works
Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions
LANG, P. J., GREENWALD, M. K., BRADLEY, M. M., & HAMM, A. O. (1993) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x · Cited by 3,190 · see citing works
The amygdala: vigilance and emotion
Davis, M., & Whalen, P. J. (2001) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000812 · Cited by 2,882 · see citing works
Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass.
Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.3.466 · Cited by 2,542 · see citing works
Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass.
Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. G. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.130.3.466 · Cited by 2,527 · see citing works
The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety
Davis, M. (1992) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.002033 · Cited by 2,357 · see citing works
How brains beware: neural mechanisms of emotional attention
Vuilleumier, P. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.10.011 · Cited by 2,162 · see citing works
The Emotional Brain, Fear, and the Amygdala
LeDoux, J. (2003) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1023/a:1025048802629 · Cited by 1,818 · see citing works
Rizzolatti, G., Riggio, L., Dascola, I., & Umiltà, C. A. (1987) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(87)90041-8 · Cited by 1,814 · see citing works
Neurobiology of Pavlovian Fear Conditioning
Maren, S. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.897 · Cited by 1,805 · see citing works
Pessoa, L., & Adolphs, R. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2920 · Cited by 1,794 · see citing works
The functional neuroanatomy of emotion and affective style
Davidson, R. J., & Irwin, W. (1999) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01265-0 · Cited by 1,684 · see citing works
Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety?
Fox, E., Russo, R., Bowles, R., & Dutton, K. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.681 · Cited by 1,469 · see citing works
Top–down and bottom–up control of visual selection
Theeuwes, J. (2010) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.02.006 · Cited by 1,385 · see citing works
The face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli.
Öhman, A., Lundqvist, D., & Esteves, F. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.381 · Cited by 1,366 · see citing works
A subcortical pathway to the right amygdala mediating “unseen” fear
Morris, J. S., Öhman, A., & Dolan, R. J. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1680 · Cited by 1,349 · see citing works
Conditioning and Associative Learning
Hill, W. F., & Mackintosh, N. J. (1984) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422540 · Cited by 1,323 · see citing works
Neural bases of the non-conscious perception of emotional signals
Tamietto, M., & de Gelder, B. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2889 · Cited by 1,042 · see citing works
Group reaction time distributions and an analysis of distribution statistics.
Ratcliff, R. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.446 · Cited by 1,025 · see citing works
Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect.
Hansen, C., & Hansen, R. D. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.917 · Cited by 1,014 · see citing works
Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect.
Hansen, C. H., & Hansen, R. D. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.917 · Cited by 997 · see citing works
Natural selective attention: Orienting and emotion
Bradley, M. M. (2009) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00702.x · Cited by 976 · see citing works
Attentional bias for threat: evidence for delayed disengagement from emotional faces
Fox, E., Russo, R., & Dutton, K. (2002) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930143000527 · Cited by 954 · see citing works
Salience, relevance, and firing: a priority map for target selection
Fecteau, J. H., & Muñoz, D. G. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.06.011 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
LeDoux, J. E. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1400335111 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
A direct brainstem–amygdala–cortical ‘alarm’system for subliminal signals of fear.
Liddell, B. J., Brown, K. J., Kemp, A. H., Barton, M. J., Das, P., Peduto, A., Gordon, E., & Williams, L. M. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.016 · Cited by 670 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, Bthe direct route^ theory suggests that visual threatening information is processed automatically via a specialized subcortical pathway (De Gelder, Van Honk, & Tamietto, 2011; LeDoux, 2000; Liddell et al., 2005; Öhman, Flykt, & Esteves, 2001).”
BackgroundOur Eyes do Not Always Go Where we Want Them to Go: Capture of the Eyes by New Objects
Theeuwes, J., Kramer, A. F., Hahn, S., & Irwin, D. E. (1998) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00071 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Conditioned fear as revealed by magnitude of startle response to an auditory stimulus.
Brown, J. S., Kalish, H. I., & Farber, I. E. (1951) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0060166 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
(1992) · Cited by 626 · see citing works
(2019) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/41583.1471-0048 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
The Neurobiology of Saccadic Eye Movements
Horton, J. C. (1990) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1990.00530110017004 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Human Fear Conditioning and Extinction in Neuroimaging: A Systematic Review
Sehlmeyer, C., Schöning, S., Zwitserlood, P., Pfleiderer, B., Kircher, T., Arolt, V., & Konrad, C. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005865 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Mogg, K., Millar, N., & Bradley, B. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.109.4.695 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Mogg, K., Millar, N., & Bradley, B. P. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.4.695 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
The pulvinar and visual salience
Robinson, D. L., & Petersen, S. E. (1992) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(92)90354-b · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Detection of emotional faces: Salient physical features guide effective visual search.
Calvo, M. G., & Nummenmaa, L. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0012771 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Eye movement assessment of selective attentional capture by emotional pictures.
Nummenmaa, L., Hyönä, J., & Calvo, M. G. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.257 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Trappenberg, T. P., Dorris, M. C., Munoz, D. P., & Klein, R. M. (2001) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892901564306 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
A visual salience map in the primate frontal eye field
Thompson, K. G., & Bichot, N. P. (2005) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(04)47019-8 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Programming of endogenous and exogenous saccades: Evidence for a competitive integration model.
Godijn, R., & Theeuwes, J. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.28.5.1039 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Exogenous (automatic) attention to emotional stimuli: a review
Carretié, L. (2014) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0270-2 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
The brain circuitry of attention
Shipp, S. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.03.004 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Lissek, S., Biggs, A. L., Rabin, S. J., Cornwell, B. R., Alvarez, R. P., Pine, D. S., & Grillon, C. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.02.005 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Hofmann, S. G. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.04.009 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Dalmaijer, E. S., Mathôt, S., & der Stigchel, S. V. (2013) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0422-2 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Self-citationExtending animal models of fear conditioning to humans
Delgado, M. R., Olsson, A., & Phelps, E. A. (2006) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.01.006 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Stimulus-driven attentional capture and attentional control settings.
Yantis, S. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.19.3.676 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Gaze Patterns When Looking at Emotional Pictures: Motivationally Biased Attention
Calvo, M. G., & Lang, P. J. (2004) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/b:moem.0000040153.26156.ed · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Programming of endogenous and exogenous saccades: Evidence for a competitive integration model.
Godijn, R., & Theeuwes, J. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.28.5.1039 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Eye movement trajectories and what they tell us
der Stigchel, S. V., Meeter, M., & Theeuwes, J. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.12.001 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Rating data are underrated: Validity of US expectancy in human fear conditioning
Boddez, Y., Baeyens, F., Luyten, L., Vansteenwegen, D., Hermans, D., & Beckers, T. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.08.003 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Affective blindsight: intact fear conditioning to a visual cue in a cortically blind patient
Hamm, A. O. (2003) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awg037 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Attentional capture by signals of threat
Schmidt, L. J., Belopolsky, A. V., & Theeuwes, J. (2015) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.924484 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Commentary: Saccadic eye movements: overview of neural circuitry
Munoz, D. P. (2002) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(02)40044-1 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Time Course of Oculomotor Inhibition Revealed by Saccade Trajectory Modulation
McSorley, E., Haggard, P., & Walker, R. (2006) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00315.2006 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
The neural basis of saccade target selection
Schall, J. D., & Cohen, J. Y. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199539789.013.0019 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Neural Basis of Saccade Target Selection
Schall, J. D. (1995) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro.1995.6.1.63 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Pineles, S. L., Orr, M. R., & Orr, S. P. (2009) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00852.x · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Bannerman, R. L., Milders, M. M., de Gelder, B., & Sahraie, A. (2009) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1744 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Tipples, J., Young, A. W., Quinlan, P. T., Broks, P., & Ellis, A. W. (2002) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/02724980143000659 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Facilitated detection of angry faces: Initial orienting and processing efficiency
Calvo, M. G., Avero, P., & Lundqvist, D. (2006) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930500465224 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Emotional scene content drives the saccade generation system reflexively.
Nummenmaa, L., Hyönä, J., & Calvo, M. G. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0013626 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Signals of threat do not capture, but prioritize, attention: A conditioning approach.
Notebaert, L., Crombez, G., Van Damme, S., De Houwer, J., & Theeuwes, J. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0021286 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Neural Predictors of Within-Subject Fluctuations in Attentional Control
Leber, A. B. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0809-10.2010 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Emotion in the brain: of low roads, high roads and roads less travelled
de Gelder, B., van Honk, J., & Tamietto, M. (2011) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2920-c1 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
McPeek, R. M. (2006) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00564.2006 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The visual superior colliculus and pulvinar.
Robinson, D. L., & McClurkin, J. W. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Belopolsky, A. V., & Theeuwes, J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0028662 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Salience of the lambs: A test of the saliency map hypothesis with pictures of emotive objects
Humphrey, K., Underwood, G., & Lambert, T. (2012) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/12.1.22 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Look–don’t look! How emotional pictures affect pro- and anti-saccades
Kissler, J. M., & Keil, A. (2008) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-008-1358-0 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Potential threat attracts attention and interferes with voluntary saccades.
Schmidt, L. J., Belopolsky, A. V., & Theeuwes, J. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000041 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Capture of the eyes by relevant and irrelevant onsets
Mulckhuyse, M., van Zoest, W., & Theeuwes, J. (2007) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-007-1226-3 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationAttentional bias to brief threat-related faces revealed by saccadic eye movements.
Bannerman, R. L., Milders, M. M., & Sahraie, A. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0019354 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
LoBue, V., Matthews, K., Harvey, T., & Stark, S. L. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0035869 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The effect of emotional faces on eye movements and attention
Hunt, A. R., Cooper, R. M., Hungr, C. J., & Kingstone, A. F. (2006) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280600843346 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Processing efficiency in anxiety: Evidence from eye-movements during visual search
Derakshan, N., & Koster, E. H. W. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.08.009 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Conditioned fear modulates visual selection.
Mulckhuyse, M., Crombez, G., & Van der Stigchel, S. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0031076 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationThe presence of threat affects saccade trajectories
Schmidt, L. J., Belopolsky, A. V., & Theeuwes, J. (2012) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506285.2012.658885 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Processing emotional stimuli: Comparison of saccadic and manual choice-reaction times
Bannerman, R. L., Milders, M. M., & Sahraie, A. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802243303 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Frontal eye field stimulation modulates the balance of salience between target and distractors
Walker, R., Techawachirakul, P., & Haggard, P. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.081 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The time course of implicit affective picture processing: An eye movement study.
McSorley, E., & van Reekum, C. M. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0032185 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Monitoring eye movements while searching for affective faces
Reynolds, M. G., Eastwood, J. D., Partanen, M., Frischen, A., & Smilek, D. (2008) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280701623704 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Emotion and action: the effect of fear on saccadic performance
West, G. L., Al-Aidroos, N., Susskind, J., & Pratt, J. (2010) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-010-2508-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Attentional cueing: Fearful body postures capture attention with saccades
Bannerman, R. L., Milders, M. M., & Sahraie, A. (2010) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/10.5.23 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Merchenthaler (1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990111)403:2
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Wilmington, DE: Wiley-Liss.
- Linke, R., De Lima, A. D., Schwegler, H., & Pape, H. C. (1999). Direct synaptic connections of axons from the superior colliculus with identified thalamo-amygdaloid projection neurons in the rat: Possible substrates of a subcortical visual pathway to the amygdala. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 403, 158-170.
- Vuilleumier, P. (2005). How brains beware: Neural systems for emotional attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(12), 585-594.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention.
Failing, M., & Theeuwes, J. (2018) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1380-y · Cited by 345 · see citing works
“Corroborating evidence comes from fear-conditioning studies which show that fear-associated stimuli strongly bias spatial attention (Mulckhuyse & Dalmaijer, 2016; Wang, Yu, & Zhou, 2013).”
Background
- Authors
- Mulckhuyse, M., & Dalmaijer, E. S.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Mulckhuyse, Manon
- Venue
- Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 2015-11-06
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 315-324
- ISSN
- 1530-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-135X
- OpenAlex
- W2258629715
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 2.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Commission (606901)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- threat detection, attentional capture, saccade programming, fear conditioning, threat prioritization, eye movements, saccade latency, distractor processing, oculomotor system
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Conditioning, Classical, Female, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Saccades, Visual Acuity, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
