Signals of threat do not capture, but prioritize, attention: A conditioning approach.
Open accessAbstract
Research suggests that threatening information captures attention more rapidly than neutral information. However, in most studies threat stimuli differ perceptually from neutral stimuli and are instrumental to perform the task, leaving the question unanswered whether threat is sufficient to capture attention. In experiment 1, we designed a visual search task with stimuli of equal salience (colored circles) that have the potential to lead to efficient search (10 ms/item). In experiment 2, one of the colors (conditioned stimulus, CS+) was made threatening by means of fear conditioning. Participants responded to a target presented in one of the circles. Overall, the search was faster on congruent trials (where the target was presented in the CS+) than on baseline trials (where the CS + was absent). Furthermore, the search was slower on incongruent trials (where the target was presented in another color than the CS+) than on baseline trials. The search on congruent trials was affected by set size (90 ms/item), but to a lesser extent than on baseline trials (105 ms/item). We conclude that threat prioritizes, but does not capture attention.
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During many, if not all, fear-conditioning experiments, participants were instructed or encouraged to attend the threat-related stimulus either because it was part of the task or because it was part of the pre-experimental conditioning session.
“Even though these studies demonstrated a strong bias in selecting threat-signaling stimuli, it should be realized that during many, if not all, of these experiments, participants were instructed or encouraged to attend the threat-related stimulus either because it was part of the task (e.g., Koster et al., 2004) or because it was part of the pre-experimental conditioning session (e.g., Mulckhuyse,”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Notebaert, Crombez, van Damme, de Houwer, & Theeuwes, 2011
The introduction (page unavailable) says that in most earlier visual-search studies, the threatening stimulus was instrumental to the task and participants might intentionally look for it. The Procedure (page unavailable) also describes this paper’s own pre-experimental acquisition phase, in which participants were told to identify the color associated with the aversive stimulus. Neither passage establishes the claim about many, if not all, fear-conditioning experiments or their pre-experimental sessions. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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To risk or not to risk: Anxiety and the calibration between risk perception and danger mitigation.
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Self-citationSweet reward increases implicit discrimination of similar odors
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Self-citationFear generalization gradients in visuospatial attention.
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Anticipatory versus reactive spatial attentional bias to threat
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Self-citationOn the flexibility of attention to race
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Attention to a threat‐related feature does not interfere with concurrent attentive feature selection
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Disentangling attention from action in the emotional spatial cueing task
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Self-citationThreat captures attention but does not affect learning of contextual regularities
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Predictive attentional bias modification induces stimulus-evoked attentional bias for threat
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Self-citationCounter-regulation in affective attentional biases: Evidence in the additional singleton paradigm
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Amygdala fMRI Signal as a Predictor of Reaction Time
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Trial-to-trial carryover effects on spatial attentional bias
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The effect of varying danger controllability on attention to threat messages
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Crowding with Negatively Conditioned Flankers and Targets
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Close - but not distant - conditioned flanker emotion affects crowding
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Self-citationMethods for speculatively bootstrapping better intrusion detection system performance
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Derived generalization of attentional bias for laboratory-induced threat: Yes but
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Changes within neural population codes can be inferred from psychophysical threshold studiesPreprint
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Attentional bias to threat is modulated by stimulus content: an fNIRS study
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Leveraging Psychophysics to Infer the Mechanisms of Encoding Change in Vision
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- Authors
- Notebaert, L., Crombez, G., Van Damme, S., De Houwer, J., & Theeuwes, J.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University (BE)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Venue
- Emotion
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 81-89
- ISSN
- 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1516
- OpenAlex
- W2125055621
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 4.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- biblio.ugent.be
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ghent University (BOF/GOA2006/001)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- threats, attentional capture, fear conditioning, visual search, set size, threat salience, congruency effect
- MeSH terms
- Aggression, Attention, Conditioning, Psychological, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Perception, Psychological Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reaction Time, Young Adult
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