Conditioned fear modulates visual selection.
Open accessAbstract
Eye movements reflect the dynamic interplay between top-down- and bottom-up-driven processes. For example, when we voluntarily move our eyes across the visual field, salient visual stimuli in the environment may capture our attention, our eyes, or modulate the trajectory of an eye movement. Previous research has shown that the behavioral relevance of a salient stimulus modulates these processes. This study investigated whether a stimulus signaling an aversive event modulates saccadic behavior. Using a differential fear-conditioning procedure, we presented a threatening (conditional stimulus: CS+) and a nonthreatening stimulus distractor (CS-) during an oculomotor selection task. The results show that short-latency saccades deviated more strongly toward the CS+ than toward the CS- distractor, whereas long-latency saccades deviated more strongly away from the CS+ than from the CS- distractor. Moreover, the CS+ distractor captured the eyes more often than the CS- distractor. Together, these results demonstrate that conditioned fear has a direct and immediate influence on visual selection. The findings are interpreted in terms of a neurobiological model of emotional visual processing.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
During many, if not all, fear-conditioning experiments, participants were instructed or encouraged to attend the threat-related stimulus either because it was part of the task or because it was part of the pre-experimental conditioning session.
“Even though these studies demonstrated a strong bias in selecting threat-signaling stimuli, it should be realized that during many, if not all, of these experiments, participants were instructed or encouraged to attend the threat-related stimulus either because it was part of the task (e.g., Koster et al., 2004) or because it was part of the pre-experimental conditioning session (e.g., Mulckhuyse,”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Mulckhuyse, Crombez, & Van der Stigchel, 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
LeDoux, J. E. (2000) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.155 · Cited by 8,444 · see citing works
Fears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning
Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.483 · Cited by 3,147 · see citing works
A saliency-based search mechanism for overt and covert shifts of visual attention
Itti, L., & Koch, C. (2000) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(99)00163-7 · Cited by 3,137 · see citing works
The amygdala: vigilance and emotion
Davis, M., & Whalen, P. J. (2001) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000812 · Cited by 2,882 · see citing works
Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass.
Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.3.466 · Cited by 2,542 · see citing works
Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass.
Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. G. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.130.3.466 · Cited by 2,527 · see citing works
Involuntary covert orienting is contingent on attentional control settings
Folk, C. L., Remington, R. W., & Johnston, J. C. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.18.4.1030 · Cited by 2,487 · see citing works
The Psychology of Animal Learning
Hill, W. F., & Mackintosh, N. J. (1976) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421765 · Cited by 2,397 · see citing works
The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety
Davis, M. (1992) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.002033 · Cited by 2,357 · see citing works
The distinct modes of vision offered by feedforward and recurrent processing
Lamme, V. A. F., & Roelfsema, P. R. (2000) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01657-x · Cited by 2,338 · see citing works
The Emotional Brain, Fear, and the Amygdala
LeDoux, J. (2003) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1023/a:1025048802629 · Cited by 1,818 · see citing works
Rizzolatti, G., Riggio, L., Dascola, I., & Umiltà, C. A. (1987) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(87)90041-8 · Cited by 1,814 · see citing works
Pessoa, L., & Adolphs, R. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2920 · Cited by 1,794 · see citing works
The functional neuroanatomy of emotion and affective style
Davidson, R. J., & Irwin, W. (1999) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01265-0 · Cited by 1,684 · see citing works
Perceptual selectivity for color and form
Theeuwes, J. (1992) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03211656 · Cited by 1,649 · see citing works
Abrupt visual onsets and selective attention: Evidence from visual search.
Yantis, S., & Jonides, J. J. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.10.5.601 · Cited by 1,615 · see citing works
The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction.
Aggleton, J. P. (1992) · Wiley-Liss eBooks · Cited by 1,536 · see citing works
The face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli.
Öhman, A., Lundqvist, D., & Esteves, F. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.381 · Cited by 1,366 · see citing works
A subcortical pathway to the right amygdala mediating “unseen” fear
Morris, J. S., Öhman, A., & Dolan, R. J. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1680 · Cited by 1,349 · see citing works
Conditioning and Associative Learning
Hill, W. F., & Mackintosh, N. J. (1984) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422540 · Cited by 1,323 · see citing works
Group reaction time distributions and an analysis of distribution statistics.
Ratcliff, R. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.446 · Cited by 1,025 · see citing works
Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect.
Hansen, C., & Hansen, R. D. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.917 · Cited by 1,014 · see citing works
Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect.
Hansen, C. H., & Hansen, R. D. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.917 · Cited by 997 · see citing works
Arousal-Biased Competition in Perception and Memory
Mather, M., & Sutherland, M. R. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611400234 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
Salience, relevance, and firing: a priority map for target selection
Fecteau, J. H., & Muñoz, D. G. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.06.011 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
The effects of emotion on attention: A review of attentional processing of emotional information
Yiend, J. (2010) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930903205698 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
A model of saccade generation based on parallel processing and competitive inhibition
Findlay, J. M., & Walker, R. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99002150 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Brain mechanisms for emotional influences on perception and attention: What is magic and what is not
Pourtois, G., Schettino, A., & Vuilleumier, P. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.007 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Effects of Components of Displacement-Step Stimuli Upon Latency for Saccadic Eye Movement
Saslow, M. G. (1967) · Journal of the Optical Society of America · doi:10.1364/josa.57.001024 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
A direct brainstem–amygdala–cortical ‘alarm’system for subliminal signals of fear.
Liddell, B. J., Brown, K. J., Kemp, A. H., Barton, M. J., Das, P., Peduto, A., Gordon, E., & Williams, L. M. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.016 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Electrophysiological Correlates of Rapid Spatial Orienting Towards Fearful Faces
Pourtois, G. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh023 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
(1992) · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Differential attentional guidance by unattended faces expressing positive and negative emotion
Eastwood, J. D., Smilek, D., & Merikle, P. M. (2001) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03194519 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Folk, C. L., Remington, R. W., & Wright, J. H. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.20.2.317 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Non-conscious recognition of affect in the absence of striate cortex
de Gelder, B., Vroomen, J., Pourtois, G., & Weiskrantz, L. (1999) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199912160-00007 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Detection of emotional faces: Salient physical features guide effective visual search.
Calvo, M. G., & Nummenmaa, L. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0012771 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Eye movement assessment of selective attentional capture by emotional pictures.
Nummenmaa, L., Hyönä, J., & Calvo, M. G. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.257 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Orienting of attention and eye movements
Sheliga, B. M., Riggio, L., & Rizzolatti, G. (1994) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00233988 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
A visual salience map in the primate frontal eye field
Thompson, K. G., & Bichot, N. P. (2005) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(04)47019-8 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Programming of endogenous and exogenous saccades: Evidence for a competitive integration model.
Godijn, R., & Theeuwes, J. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.28.5.1039 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Modulation of spatial attention by fear-conditioned stimuli: an event-related fMRI study
Armony, J. L. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00178-6 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Gaze Patterns When Looking at Emotional Pictures: Motivationally Biased Attention
Calvo, M. G., & Lang, P. J. (2004) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/b:moem.0000040153.26156.ed · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Becker, D. V., Anderson, U. S., Mortensen, C. R., Neufeld, S. L., & Neel, R. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0024060 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Programming of endogenous and exogenous saccades: Evidence for a competitive integration model.
Godijn, R., & Theeuwes, J. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.28.5.1039 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Endogenous and Exogenous Control of Visual Selection
Theeuwes, J. (1994) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p230429 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Salience from feature contrast: additivity across dimensions
Nothdurft, H. (2000) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(00)00031-6 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Eye movement trajectories and what they tell us
der Stigchel, S. V., Meeter, M., & Theeuwes, J. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.12.001 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Competition Between Saccade Goals in the Superior Colliculus Produces Saccade Curvature
McPeek, R. M., Han, J. H., & Keller, E. L. (2003) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00657.2002 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Blanchette, I. (2006) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/02724980543000204 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Stolarova, M., Keil, A., & Moratti, S. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj031 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
On your mark, get set: Brainstem circuitry underlying saccadic initiation
Munoz, D. P., Dorris, M. C., Paré, M., & Everling, S. (2000) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/cjpp-78-11-934 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Curved saccade trajectories: Voluntary and reflexive saccades curve away from irrelevant distractors
Doyle, M., & Walker, R. (2001) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s002210100742 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Affective blindsight: intact fear conditioning to a visual cue in a cortically blind patient
Hamm, A. O. (2003) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awg037 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Commentary: Saccadic eye movements: overview of neural circuitry
Munoz, D. P. (2002) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(02)40044-1 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Lim, S.-L., Padmala, S., & Pessoa, L. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0904551106 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Attentional capture by irrelevant emotional distractor faces.
Hodsoll, S., Viding, E. M., & Nilli Lavie, C. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0022771 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Time Course of Oculomotor Inhibition Revealed by Saccade Trajectory Modulation
McSorley, E., Haggard, P., & Walker, R. (2006) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00315.2006 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Reward creates oculomotor salience
Hickey, C., & van Zoest, W. (2012) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.007 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
The neural basis of saccade target selection
Schall, J. D., & Cohen, J. Y. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199539789.013.0019 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Neural Basis of Saccade Target Selection
Schall, J. D. (1995) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro.1995.6.1.63 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Bannerman, R. L., Milders, M. M., de Gelder, B., & Sahraie, A. (2009) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1744 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Tipples, J., Young, A. W., Quinlan, P. T., Broks, P., & Ellis, A. W. (2002) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/02724980143000659 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
On your mark, get set: Brainstem circuitry underlying saccadic initiation
Munoz, D. P., Dorris, M. C., Paré, M., et al. (2000) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/y00-062 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Jolij, J., & Lamme, V. A. F. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0500834102 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Lipp, O. V., Derakshan, N., Waters, A. M., & Logies, S. (2004) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.4.3.233 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Emotional scene content drives the saccade generation system reflexively.
Nummenmaa, L., Hyönä, J., & Calvo, M. G. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0013626 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Inhibition of Return and Saccade Trajectory Deviations.
Godijn, R., & Theeuwes, J. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.30.3.538 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Target similarity affects saccade curvature away from irrelevant onsets
Ludwig, C. J. H., & Gilchrist, I. D. (2003) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-003-1520-7 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Belopolsky, A. V., Devue, C., & Theeuwes, J. (2010) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506285.2010.536186 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Emotion in the brain: of low roads, high roads and roads less travelled
de Gelder, B., van Honk, J., & Tamietto, M. (2011) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2920-c1 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
McPeek, R. M. (2006) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00564.2006 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Group reaction time distributions and an analysis of distribution statistics.
Ratcliff, R. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.86.3.446 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The visual superior colliculus and pulvinar.
Robinson, D. L., & McClurkin, J. W. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Recent advances in the study of saccade trajectory deviations
der Stigchel, S. V. (2010) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2010.05.028 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Reciprocal links between emotion and attention
Vuilleumier, P. O., Armony, J. L., & Dolan, R. J. (2003) · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Alpers, G. W., Ruhleder, M., Walz, N., Mühlberger, A., & Pauli, P. (2005) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.01.008 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Early and Late Modulation of Saccade Deviations by Target Distractor Similarity
Mulckhuyse, M., der Stigchel, S. V., & Theeuwes, J. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00068.2009 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationThe influence of attending to multiple locations on eye movements
der Stigchel, S. V., & Theeuwes, J. (2005) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.02.002 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Salience of the lambs: A test of the saliency map hypothesis with pictures of emotive objects
Humphrey, K., Underwood, G., & Lambert, T. (2012) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/12.1.22 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Look–don’t look! How emotional pictures affect pro- and anti-saccades
Kissler, J. M., & Keil, A. (2008) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-008-1358-0 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Capture of the eyes by relevant and irrelevant onsets
Mulckhuyse, M., van Zoest, W., & Theeuwes, J. (2007) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-007-1226-3 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationAttentional bias to brief threat-related faces revealed by saccadic eye movements.
Bannerman, R. L., Milders, M. M., & Sahraie, A. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0019354 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The effect of emotional faces on eye movements and attention
Hunt, A. R., Cooper, R. M., Hungr, C. J., & Kingstone, A. F. (2006) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280600843346 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The presence of threat affects saccade trajectories
Schmidt, L. J., Belopolsky, A. V., & Theeuwes, J. (2012) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506285.2012.658885 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The Influence of Distractors on Saccade-Target Selection: Saccade Trajectory Effects
Walker, R., & McSorley, E. (2008) · Journal of Eye Movement Research · doi:10.16910/jemr.2.3.7 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Frontal eye field stimulation modulates the balance of salience between target and distractors
Walker, R., Techawachirakul, P., & Haggard, P. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.081 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Emotion and action: the effect of fear on saccadic performance
West, G. L., Al-Aidroos, N., Susskind, J., & Pratt, J. (2010) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-010-2508-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Attentional cueing: Fearful body postures capture attention with saccades
Bannerman, R. L., Milders, M. M., & Sahraie, A. (2010) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/10.5.23 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Merchenthaler (1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990111)403:2
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Linke R, De Lima AD, Schwegler H, & Pape HC (1998) Direct synaptic connections of axons from the superior colliculus with identified thalamo-amygdaloid projection neurons in the rat: possible substrates of a subcortical visual pathway to the amygdala. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 403, 158-170
- Vuilleumier, P. (2005). How brains beware: Neural systems for emotional attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(12), 585-594,
- Walker, R., McSorley, E., Haggard, P. (2006). The control of saccade trajectories: direction of curvature depends upon prior knowledge of target location and saccade latency. Perception and Psychophysics 68 (1), 129-138.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention.
Failing, M., & Theeuwes, J. (2018) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1380-y · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Visual Selection: Usually Fast and Automatic; Seldom Slow and Volitional
Theeuwes, J. (2018) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.13 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
The past, present, and future of selection history
Anderson, B. A., Kim, H., Kim, A. J., Liao, M., Mrkonja, L., Clement, A., & Grégoire, L. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.004 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Attentional capture by signals of threat
Schmidt, L. J., Belopolsky, A. V., & Theeuwes, J. (2015) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.924484 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Lazarov, A., Suarez‐Jimenez, B., Tamman, A. J. F., Falzon, L., Zhu, X., Edmondson, D. E., & Neria, Y. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718002313 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Ojala, K. E., & Bach, D. R. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.019 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
People look at the object they fear: oculomotor capture by stimuli that signal threat
Nissens, T., Failing, M., & Theeuwes, J. (2017) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2016.1248905 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
An integrative review of attention biases and their contribution to treatment for anxiety disorders
Barry, T. J., Vervliet, B., & Hermans, D. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00968 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Gayet, S., Paffen, C. L. E., Belopolsky, A. V., Theeuwes, J., & der Stigchel, S. V. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.01.009 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Prioritizing pleasure and pain: attentional capture by reward-related and punishment-related stimuli
Watson, P., Pearson, D., Wiers, R. W. H. J., & Pelley, M. E. L. (2019) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.12.002 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The influence of emotional stimuli on the oculomotor system: A review of the literature
Mulckhuyse, M. (2018) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-0590-8 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the automaticity of attentional orienting to threatening stimuli.
Anderson, B. A., & Britton, M. K. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000596 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Potential threat attracts attention and interferes with voluntary saccades.
Schmidt, L. J., Belopolsky, A. V., & Theeuwes, J. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000041 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Reid, A. M., Garner, L. E., Van Kirk, N., Gironda, C., Krompinger, J. W., Brennan, B. P., Mathes, B. M., Monaghan, S. C., Tifft, E. D., André, M.-C., et al. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22672 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Lazarov, A., Basel, D., Dolan, S. C., Dillon, D. G., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Schneier, F. R. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.063 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Common Priority Map for Selection History, Reward and Emotion in the Oculomotor System
Belopolsky, A. V. (2015) · Perception · doi:10.1177/0301006615596866 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Attentional economics links value-modulated attentional capture and decision-making
Pearson, D., Watson, P., Albertella, L., & Pelley, M. E. L. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00053-z · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Distracted by danger: Temporal and spatial dynamics of visual selection in the presence of threat
Mulckhuyse, M., & Dalmaijer, E. S. (2016) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-015-0391-2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationThe time course of attentional bias to cues of threat and safety
Schmidt, L. J., Belopolsky, A. V., & Theeuwes, J. (2016) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2016.1169998 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Attention allocation in posttraumatic stress disorder: an eye-tracking study
Lazarov, A., Suarez‐Jimenez, B., Zhu, X., Pine, D. S., Bar‐Haim, Y., & Neria, Y. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721000581 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Dalmaso, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192416615 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
How does the attention system learn from aversive outcomes?
Kim, H., & Anderson, B. A. (2020) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000757 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The puzzle of attentional bias to pain
Crombez, G., Heathcote, L. C., & Fox, E. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000255 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationTrichotomy revisited: A monolithic theory of attentional control
Anderson, B. A. (2024) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2024.108366 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Right posterior parietal cortex is involved in disengaging from threat: a 1-Hz rTMS study
Mulckhuyse, M., Engelmann, J. B., Schutter, D. J. L. G., & Karin Roelofs, A. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx111 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationHopkins, L. S., Helmstetter, F. J., & Hannula, D. E. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000206 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Wang, Z., & Theeuwes, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116382 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Probing the influence of unconscious fear-conditioned visual stimuli on eye movements
Madipakkam, A. R., Rothkirch, M., Wilbertz, G., & Sterzer, P. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.09.016 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Attentional avoidance of threatening stimuli
Britton, M. K., & Anderson, B. A. (2019) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-019-01255-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Rapid detection of neutral faces associated with emotional value
Saito, A., Sato, W., & Yoshikawa, S. (2021) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2021.2017263 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Saccadic scanpath length: an index for human threat conditioning
Xia, Y., Melinščak, F., & Bach, D. R. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01490-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Barry, T. J., Vervliet, B., & Hermans, D. (2016) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajpy.12124 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Parvizi-Wayne, D. (2024) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-024-10028-5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The next frontier: Moving human fear conditioning research online
Ney, L. J., O'Donohue, M. P., Wang, Y., Richardson, M., Vasarhelyi, A., & Lipp, O. V. (2023) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108715 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Faces distort eye movement trajectories, but the distortion is not stronger for your own face
Qian, H., Gao, X., & Wang, Z. (2015) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-015-4286-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Rapid saccadic response with fearful gaze cue
Matsunaka, R., & Hiraki, K. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212450 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Farolfi, F., Chang, L.-A., & Engelmann, J. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108770880.009 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Working Memory Performance for Differentially Conditioned Stimuli
Ward, R. T., Lotfi, S., Stout, D. M., Mattson, S., Lee, H., & Larson, C. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.811233 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Level of Trust
(2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108770880.007
Attentional reconfiguration during acute and sustained fearPreprint
Seppälä, K., Rantala, N., Hudson, M., Putkinen, V., Santavirta, S., Hyönä, J., & Nummenmaa, L. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.06.686932
Motivational Salience Impacts Orientation Discrimination in a Saccadic Target Selection Task
Golimahmoudi, N., Zakeri, M., Asadollahi, A., & Daneshvarfard, F. (2026) · doi:10.1109/icee70628.2026.11710612
- Authors
- Mulckhuyse, M., Crombez, G., & Van der Stigchel, S.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University (BE)
- Venue
- Emotion
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 529-536
- ISSN
- 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1516
- OpenAlex
- W2004166786
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- biblio.ugent.be
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- fear conditioning, saccades, eye movements, visual attention, top-down control, emotional salience
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Conditioning, Classical, Fear, Humans, Saccades, Visual Perception, Eye Movement Measurements
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
