Top-down versus bottom-up attentional control: a failed theoretical dichotomy
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Prominent models of attentional control assert a dichotomy between top-down and bottom-up control, with the former determined by current selection goals and the latter determined by physical salience. This theoretical dichotomy, however, fails to explain a growing number of cases in which neither current goals nor physical salience can account for strong selection biases. For example, equally salient stimuli associated with reward can capture attention, even when this contradicts current selection goals. Thus, although 'top-down' sources of bias are sometimes defined as those that are not due to physical salience, this conception conflates distinct--and sometimes contradictory--sources of selection bias. We describe an alternative framework, in which past selection history is integrated with current goals and physical salience to shape an integrated priority map.
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Through repeated reward-driven attentional selection, a stimulus or its spatial location gains priority in subsequent selection, making it easier and faster to search for it when it is the search target.
“Through repeated reward-driven attentional selection, a stimulus or its spatial location gains priority in subsequent selection, making it easier and faster to search for it when it is the search target.”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Awh et al., 2012
The Reward history section reports that a previously rewarded target color biased later selection and produced faster target responses when the color remained the same. It says selection biases toward previously attended positions *may* be grounded in reward, but does not establish that rewarding a spatial location makes later searches for a target there faster. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe classic top-down/bottom-up dichotomy may no longer hold because several selection biases can neither be explained by current selection goals nor by physical salience.
“Awh, Belopolsky, and Theeuwes (2012) pointed out that this classic theoretical dichotomy may no longer hold as there is a significant explanatory gap: Several selection biases can neither be explained by current selection goals nor by the physical salience of potential targets.”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Awh et al., 2012
Even though the top-down/bottom-up dichotomy accounts for a wide range of observations, there are many instances in which it falls short in explaining behavior.
“Even though this dichotomy between top-down and bottom-up control can account for a wide range of observations, Awh et al. (2012) recently pointed out that there are many instances in which it falls shorts in explaining behavior.”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Awh et al., 2012
Recent behavioral, eye-movement, and neuroimaging findings demonstrate effects that should be considered the result of selection history.
“The current review takes the previous paper of Awh et al. (2012) further and discusses recent findings of key behavioral, eye-movement, and neuroimaging studies that demonstrate effects that should be considered to be the result of selection history (i.e., lingering selection biases based on history).”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Awh et al., 2012
In instances where the dichotomy falls short, selection is neither top-down nor bottom-up; instead, the history of attentional deployments can elicit selection biases prioritizing stimuli that are neither salient nor relevant for the task.
“In these instances, it seems that selection is neither controlled in a top-down (volitional) way nor in a bottom-up (salience-driven) way. Instead, the history of attentional deployments can elicit selection biases prioritizing stimuli that are neither salient nor relevant for the task at hand.”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Awh et al., 2012
A third category, selection history, competes for selection and describes lingering selection biases formed by the history of attentional deployments unrelated to top-down goals or physical salience.
“Awh et al. suggested that a third category labelled as selection history competes for selection. This category describes lingering selection biases formed by the history of attentional deployments that are unrelated to top-down goals or the physical salience of items.”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Awh et al., 2012
In line with Awh et al. (2012), a third category of bias incorporating selection history as a vital factor in attentional selection is proposed.
“In line with Awh et al. (2012), we therefore propose a third category of bias, incorporating selection history as a vital factor in attentional selection.”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Awh et al. (2012)
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Reward-Based Transfer From Bottom-Up to Top-Down Search Tasks
Lee, J., & Shomstein, S. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613509284 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Pearson, D., Osborn, R., Whitford, T. J., Failing, M., Theeuwes, J., & Le Pelley, M. E. (2016) · Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-016-1135-2 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationValue-Driven Attentional Capture in Adolescence
Roper, Z. J. J., Vecera, S. P., & Vaidya, J. G. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614545654 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Reward can modulate attentional capture, independent of top-down set
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Self-citationRewarded visual items capture attention only in heterogeneous contexts
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The effect of reward on orienting and reorienting in exogenous cuing
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Self-citationCommon Priority Map for Selection History, Reward and Emotion in the Oculomotor System
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Self-citationEffect of distracting faces on visual selective attention in the monkey
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Reward modulates oculomotor competition between differently valued stimuli
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Self-citationDistractors associated with reward break through the focus of attention
Munneke, J., Belopolsky, A. V., & Theeuwes, J. (2016) · Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-016-1075-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationSensitivity to value-driven attention is predicted by how we learn from value
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Self-citationIrrelevant learned reward associations disrupt voluntary spatial attention
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Was that a threat? Attentional biases by signals of threat.
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Self-citationThe modulation of reward priority by top-down knowledge
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Della Libera, C., Calletti, R., Eštočinová, J., Chelazzi, L., & Santandrea, E. (2017) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2016.1213226 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Awh, E., Belopolsky, A. V., & Theeuwes, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Awh, Edward
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 437-443
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3426354
- OpenAlex
- W2102770572
- Cited by
- 1,557
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 84 · 2025: 128 · 2024: 123 · 2023: 130 · 2022: 125 · 2021: 159 · 2020: 140 · 2019: 155 · 2018: 116 · 2017: 104 · 2016: 77 · 2015: 92 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 9.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH077105, R01MH087214)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- top-down attention, bottom-up attention, attentional control, selection bias, salience, reward, priority map, attentional capture
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Discrimination, Psychological, Humans, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Psychological Theory
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