The everyday dynamics of rumination and worry: Precipitant events and affective consequences
Open accessAbstract
Rumination and worry are two perseverative, negatively valenced thought processes that characterise depressive and anxiety disorders. Despite significant research interest, little is known about the everyday precipitants and consequences of rumination and worry. Using an experience sampling methodology, we examined and compared rumination and worry with respect to their relations to daily events and affective experience. Participants diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), co-occurring MDD-GAD, or no diagnosis carried an electronic device for one week and reported on rumination, worry, significant events, positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA). Across the clinical groups, occurrences of everyday events predicted subsequent increases in rumination, but not worry. Further, higher momentary levels of rumination, but not worry, predicted subsequent decreases in PA and increases in NA. Thus, in these clinical groups, rumination was more susceptible to daily events and produced stronger affective changes over time. We discuss implications for theory and clinical intervention.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In an experience sampling study of women with MDD, GAD, co-occurring MDD-GAD, or no diagnosis, everyday significant events predicted subsequent increases in rumination but not worry. Rumination, but not worry, also predicted later decreases in positive affect and increases in negative affect.
Key findings
- In the combined clinical group (MDD, GAD, and MDD-GAD; n = 51), occurrence of a significant event predicted a subsequent increase in rumination, p = .01, but not worry, p = .88. In the control group (n = 19), event occurrence did not change rumination, p = .16, but did increase worry, p < .01.
- Among clinical participants, greater event stressfulness predicted stronger increases in rumination, p < .001; less event importance also predicted stronger increases in rumination, p = .02. Event controllability, p = .64, and expectedness, p = .45, did not predict rumination. Worry did not change as a function of event stressfulness, p = .28, importance, p = .58, controllability, p = .56, or expectedness, p = .34.
- Higher momentary rumination predicted subsequent decreases in positive affect, p = .049, and increases in negative affect, p = .04. Higher momentary worry did not predict changes in positive affect, p = .35, or negative affect, p = .32. In controls, higher worry predicted greater decreases in negative affect, p = .03.
- Clinical participants reported events more frequently than controls (17.89% vs. 8.73% of prompts, p = .01), rated events as more stressful (M = 3.36 vs. 2.23, p < .001), reported lower mean positive affect (M = 2.26 vs. 2.89, p < .001), and reported higher mean negative affect (M = 1.83 vs. 1.19, p < .001).
Methods
- Experience sampling methodology: adult women ages 18–50 completed diagnostic interviews with the SCID-I. The clinical group combined participants with current MDD (n = 16), current GAD (n = 15), and co-occurring MDD-GAD (n = 20); controls (n = 19) had no current or lifetime Axis I disorder.
- Participants used a Palm Pilot Z22 for 7–8 consecutive days, prompted 8 times per day during a 12-hour period between 8 a.m. and 10 p.m., with prompts randomized within 90-minute intervals. They reported momentary rumination and worry on 100-point visual analog scales, event occurrence and event dimensions on 5-point scales, and positive and negative affect on 5-point scales.
- Multilevel models in HLM 6.08 tested within-day temporal predictions, with prompts nested within persons. Models controlled for prior levels of the outcome and covaried concurrent worry in rumination analyses or concurrent rumination in worry analyses.
Limitations
- The paper states that only women were studied, so generalizability to men is unknown; that response rates were lower than in a previous laboratory ESM protocol; that significant events were endorsed at relatively low rates, possibly limiting power; and that ongoing activities or contexts were not assessed.
- The paper also notes that event domain, valence, and frequency data were not examined because of very low rates of each specific event type.
- The text makes evident that combining MDD, GAD, and MDD-GAD participants into one clinical group precludes testing whether these diagnostic groups differ in the everyday dynamics of rumination and worry, although the authors state this was done to increase statistical power and based on prior transdiagnostic findings.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 58 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
The clinical group reported events as more stressful than the CTL group.
“Initial multilevel models indicated that overall, the clinical group (i.e., the MDD, GAD, and MDD-GAD participants combined) reported that events were more stressful than did the CTL group (clinical group: M = 3.36, SE = 0.13; CTL group: M = 2.23, SE = 0.21), t(59) = −4.58, p < .001.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Higher momentary levels of rumination predicted subsequent decreases in positive affect.
“Further, higher momentary levels of rumination, but not worry, predicted subsequent decreases in positive affect and increases in negative affect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the CTL group, following the occurrence of a significant event, level of worry increased.
“in the CTL group, following the occurrence of a significant event, level of rumination did not significantly change, p = .16, but level of worry increased, p < .01.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the CTL group, following the occurrence of a significant event, level of rumination did not significantly change.
“in the CTL group, following the occurrence of a significant event, level of rumination did not significantly change, p = .16”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
On average, events were reported on 15.38% of prompts.
“On average, events were reported on 15.38% of prompts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
In the CTL group, level of rumination did not change as a function of reported event stressfulness.
“in the CTL group, level of rumination did not change as a function of reported event stressfulness, p = .30.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No other within-prompt associations with rumination or worry were significant.
“No other within-prompt associations with rumination or worry were significant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For prompts in which preceding events were reported, higher rumination was predicted within-prompt by higher event stressfulness and lower event importance.
“and for prompts in which preceding events were reported, higher ratings of event stressfulness, p < .001, and lower ratings of event importance, p < .05.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the combined clinical group, momentary level of worry did not change following the occurrence of a significant event.
“Contrary to hypotheses, however, in the clinical group momentary level of worry did not change following the occurrence of a significant event, p = .88.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Across the clinical groups, occurrences of everyday events predicted subsequent increases in rumination, but not worry.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingown data
Higher momentary levels of worry did not predict subsequent changes in positive or negative affect.
“Further, higher momentary levels of rumination, but not worry, predicted subsequent decreases in positive affect and increases in negative affect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the clinical group, momentary levels of rumination and worry were associated with each other within prompts.
“momentary levels of rumination and worry were associated with each other, p < .001.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the combined clinical group, momentary level of worry did not change as a function of reported event stressfulness, importance, controllability, or expectedness.
“With respect to worry, contrary to hypotheses, in the clinical group momentary level of worry did not change as a function of reported event stressfulness, p = .28, importance, p = .58, controllability, p = .56, or expectedness, p = .34.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Covarying concurrent rumination, higher worry was predicted within-prompt by higher negative affect and lower positive affect.
“Covarying concurrent rumination, higher worry was predicted (within-prompt) by higher NA, p < .001, and lower PA, p < .01.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the combined clinical group, momentary level of rumination did not change as a function of reported event controllability or expectedness.
“Level of rumination did not change as a function of reported event controllability, p = .64, or expectedness, p = .45.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The clinical group reported events more frequently than the CTL group.
“An initial multilevel model indicated that the clinical group (i.e., the MDD, GAD, and MDD-GAD participants combined) reported events more frequently than did the CTL group (clinical group: M = 17.89%, SE = 0.03%; CTL group: M = 8.73%, SE = 0.02%), t(68) = −2.67, p = .01.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Covarying concurrent worry, higher rumination was predicted within-prompt by higher negative affect and lower positive affect.
“Covarying concurrent worry, higher rumination was predicted (within-prompt) by higher NA, p < .001, and lower PA, p < .001”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Higher momentary levels of rumination predicted subsequent increases in negative affect.
“Further, higher momentary levels of rumination, but not worry, predicted subsequent decreases in positive affect and increases in negative affect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In clinical participants, occurrences of significant events did not increase levels of worry.
“In these clinical participants, we found that occurrences of significant events increased levels of rumination, but not of worry.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Contrasts between the clinical and control groups in the prediction of positive affect were none significant.
“Contrasts between the clinical and CTL groups, none of which were significant, are presented in Table 4.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the clinical group, higher worry at a given prompt did not produce changes in positive affect at the subsequent prompt, p = .35.
“Also as hypothesized, higher levels of worry at a given prompt did not produce changes in PA at the subsequent prompt, p = .35.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“In addition, higher momentary levels of rumination, but not of worry, predicted decreases in positive affect and increases in negative affect at the subsequent prompt.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
In the clinical group, mean negative affect was higher than in the control group (M = 1.83 vs 1.19), t(68) = −8.99, p < .001.
“and higher mean NA than did the CTL group (clinical group: M = 1.83, SE = 0.06; CTL group: M = 1.19, SE = 0.03), t(68) = −8.99, p < .001.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Subjective controllability and expectedness of events were not associated with changes in rumination.
“Importantly, however, the subjective controllability and expectedness of events were not associated with changes in rumination”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In clinical participants, the simple report of an event having occurred since the previous prompt, regardless of its characteristics, significantly increased their level of rumination.
“Intriguingly, the clinical participants’ simple report of an event having occurred since the previous prompt, regardless of its characteristics, significantly increased their level of rumination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the clinical group, higher rumination at a given prompt predicted greater decreases in positive affect at the subsequent prompt, p = .049.
“With respect to rumination, as hypothesized, in the clinical group higher levels of rumination at a given prompt predicted greater decreases in PA at the subsequent prompt, p = .049.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“In addition, higher momentary levels of rumination, but not of worry, predicted decreases in positive affect and increases in negative affect at the subsequent prompt.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
In the clinical group, higher rumination at a given prompt predicted greater increases in negative affect at the subsequent prompt, p = .04.
“With respect to rumination, as hypothesized, in the clinical group higher levels of rumination at a given prompt predicted greater increases in NA at the subsequent prompt, p = .04.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“In addition, higher momentary levels of rumination, but not of worry, predicted decreases in positive affect and increases in negative affect at the subsequent prompt.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
In the control group, higher worry predicted greater decreases in negative affect at the subsequent prompt, p = .03.
“With respect to the significant contrasts, a follow-up model with the groups reverse-coded indicated that in the CTL group, higher levels of worry predicted greater decreases in NA at the subsequent prompt, p = .03.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“In contrast, however, in control participants level of worry increased following event occurrence and predicted decreases in NA, indicating that it is normative for worry to be tied to daily events and may function adaptively in this group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
- Findingown data
In the clinical group, higher worry at a given prompt did not produce changes in negative affect at the subsequent prompt, p = .32.
“Also as hypothesized, higher levels of worry at a given prompt did not produce changes in NA at the subsequent prompt, p = .32.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“In addition, higher momentary levels of rumination, but not of worry, predicted decreases in positive affect and increases in negative affect at the subsequent prompt.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
In clinical participants, occurrences of significant events increased levels of rumination.
“In these clinical participants, we found that occurrences of significant events increased levels of rumination, but not of worry.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For clinical participants, greater subjective stressfulness of an event predicted a stronger increase in rumination.
“In the analysis of event dimensions, greater subjective stressfulness of an event was shown to predict a stronger increase in rumination for clinical participants.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Clinical participants were more likely to report stressful events than were control participants.
“Descriptive results indicated that the clinical participants were more likely to report events, and specifically more stressful and negative events, than were control participants.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Within prompts for clinical participants, higher rumination was associated with increased negative affect.
“Importantly, descriptive associations indicated that within prompts for clinical participants, higher levels of both rumination and worry were associated with decreased positive affect and increased negative affect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
Overall levels of rumination and worry in the control group were significantly lower than in the clinical group.
“Here, however, we should reiterate that overall levels of rumination and worry in the control group were significantly lower than were those in the clinical group (see Kircanski et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kircanski et al., 2015
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingown data
Within prompts for clinical participants, higher rumination was associated with decreased positive affect.
“Importantly, descriptive associations indicated that within prompts for clinical participants, higher levels of both rumination and worry were associated with decreased positive affect and increased negative affect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The control group reported fewer significant events than did the clinical group.
“In addition, as we described earlier, the control group reported fewer significant events, higher positive affect, and lower negative affect than did the clinical group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Events rated as less subjectively important were associated with stronger increases in rumination.
“in fact, contrary to intuition, events that were rated as less subjectively important were associated with stronger increases in rumination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For clinical participants, level of worry did not change significantly as a function of the occurrence or dimensions of everyday events.
“Contrary to predictions, for the clinical participants, level of worry did not change significantly as a function of the occurrence or dimensions of everyday events.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Clinical participants were more likely to report events than were control participants.
“Descriptive results indicated that the clinical participants were more likely to report events, and specifically more stressful and negative events, than were control participants.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In control participants, level of worry increased following event occurrence.
“In contrast, however, in control participants level of worry increased following event occurrence and predicted decreases in NA, indicating that it is normative for worry to be tied to daily events and may function adaptively in this group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Within prompts for clinical participants, higher worry was associated with decreased positive affect.
“Importantly, descriptive associations indicated that within prompts for clinical participants, higher levels of both rumination and worry were associated with decreased positive affect and increased negative affect.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
Levels of rumination were similarly related to affective experience in clinical and control participants.
“Levels of rumination were similarly related to affective experience in clinical and control participants.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Clinical participants were more likely to report negative events than were control participants.
“Descriptive results indicated that the clinical participants were more likely to report events, and specifically more stressful and negative events, than were control participants.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In healthy control participants, level of rumination was not affected by event occurrence and stressfulness as was the case in clinical participants.
“We should note that, in healthy control participants, level of rumination was not affected by event occurrence and stressfulness as was the case in clinical participants.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Within prompts for clinical participants, higher worry was associated with increased negative affect.
“Importantly, descriptive associations indicated that within prompts for clinical participants, higher levels of both rumination and worry were associated with decreased positive affect and increased negative affect.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
In the current sample, the rumination and worry items were reliable within persons (ICC for rumination: 0.35; ICC for worry: 0.43).
“In the current sample, both items were reliable within persons (intraclass correlation [ICC] for rumination: 0.35; ICC for worry: 0.43)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductcitation
The rumination and worry items demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity with questionnaire assessments of rumination and worry in the laboratory.
“and demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity with questionnaire assessments of rumination and worry in the laboratory (Kircanski et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kircanski et al., 2015
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Experiencing an emotional contrast from a neutral or positive state to a negative state is aversive to individuals with GAD.
“Indeed, experiencing such an emotional contrast is aversive to individuals with GAD (Llera & Newman, 2014; Newman & Llera, 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Llera & Newman, 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Newman & Llera, 2011
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Individuals with MDD, GAD, and co-occurring MDD-GAD all reported higher levels of rumination following experiences rated as at least moderately stressful than did individuals with no psychiatric diagnosis.
“Ruscio and colleagues (2015) found that individuals with MDD, GAD, and co-occurring MDD-GAD all reported higher levels of rumination following experiences that they had rated as at least moderately stressful than did individuals with no psychiatric diagnosis”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ruscio et al., 2015
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In the Kircanski et al. (2015) study, mean levels of both momentary rumination and momentary worry did not differ among the three diagnostic groups.
“In that study, we found that mean levels of both momentary rumination and momentary worry did not differ among the three diagnostic groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kircanski et al., 2015
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Rumination and worry are transdiagnostic as opposed to disorder specific.
“underscoring that these constructs are transdiagnostic as opposed to disorder specific (Kircanski et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kircanski et al., 2015
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Prevalence rates of MDD, GAD, and co-occurring MDD-GAD are twice as high in women as in men.
“because prevalence of rates MDD, GAD, and co-occurring MDD-GAD are twice as high in women as in men (Kendler, Gardner, Gatz, & Pedersen, 2007).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kendler, Gardner, Gatz, & Pedersen, 2007
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The finding that greater subjective stressfulness predicted a stronger increase in rumination supports theory linking rumination to life stress at the daily level.
“This finding supports theory linking rumination to life stress (e.g., Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994), here at the daily level as opposed to major life events (see also Moberly & Watkins, 2008b, and Ruscio et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Moberly & Watkins, 2008b
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Ruscio et al., 2015
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Events that have occurred may prompt worry about their future occurrences or implications.
“Although worry is considered to be future-oriented, events that have occurred (e.g., an evaluation at work) may prompt worry about their future occurrences or implications (e.g., whether one will be fired; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
ESM studies with clinical and community samples have documented deleterious effects of momentary rumination on subsequent levels of positive and negative affect.
“In this context, ESM studies with both clinical (e.g., Ruscio et al., 2015) and community (e.g., Moberly & Watkins, 2008a, 2008b) samples have documented deleterious effects of momentary rumination on subsequent levels of positive and negative affect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ruscio et al., 2015
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Moberly & Watkins, 2008a
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Moberly & Watkins, 2008b
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The empirical literature and a DSM-5 work group have indicated multiple problems with the DSM-IV criterion in which GAD caseness is not met when this disorder occurs only in the context of MDD.
“Although DSM-IV lists a criterion in which GAD caseness is not met when this disorder occurs only in the context of MDD, the empirical literature and a DSM-5 work group have indicated multiple problems with this criterion (e.g., Andrews et al., 2010; Lawrence, Liverant, Rosellini, & Brown, 2009); therefore, the hierarchy rule was not applied.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Andrews et al., 2010
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Lawrence, Liverant, Rosellini, & Brown, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In a recent ESM study, persons diagnosed with MDD only, GAD only, and co-occurring MDD-GAD were highly consistent with one another in the features they reported of rumination and worry in daily life.
“Notably, persons diagnosed with MDD only, GAD only, and co-occurring MDD-GAD were highly consistent with one another in the features that they reported of rumination and worry in daily life, underscoring that these constructs are transdiagnostic as opposed to disorder specific (Kircanski et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kircanski et al., 2015
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Higher levels of rumination surrounding major stressors increase the likelihood of experiencing subsequent depression and anxiety.
“For example, in several longitudinal investigations, higher levels of rumination surrounding major stressors (e.g., trauma, death of a loved one) were demonstrated to increase the likelihood of experiencing subsequent depression and anxiety (e.g., Abela & Hankin, 2011; Michl, McLaughlin, Shepherd, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2013; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991; Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Abela & Hankin, 2011
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Michl, McLaughlin, Shepherd, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2013
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
It is plausible that worry serves to sustain, rather than to change, levels of negative and positive affect in the service of avoiding emotional contrast.
“Therefore, it is plausible that worry serves to sustain, rather than to change, levels of negative and positive affect in the service of avoiding emotional contrast.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Rumination in MDD and GAD may be susceptible to a wide variety of daily events, not only to negative, unexpected, or uncontrollable events.
“investigators and clinicians should note that rumination in MDD and GAD may be susceptible to a wide variety of daily events, not only to negative, unexpected, or uncontrollable events as are typically considered.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The findings that rumination was associated with a decrease in positive affect and an increase in negative affect were consistent with previous studies.
“Findings that rumination was associated with a decrease in positive affect and increase in negative affect were consistent with results reported in previous studies (e.g., Moberly & Watkins, 2008a, 2008b; Ruscio et al., 2015), and underscore the deleterious impact of rumination on subsequent positive and negative affect (Alloy et al., 2000).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Moberly & Watkins, 2008a, 2008b
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Ruscio et al., 2015
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Alloy et al., 2000
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Despite shared characteristics, rumination and worry appear to have unique precipitants and consequences in daily life.
“Despite the shared characteristics of rumination and worry, these two forms of repetitive negative thought appear to have unique precipitants and consequences in daily life.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
In the first ESM study to directly compare the everyday dynamics of rumination and worry, the authors found distinct relations with both daily events and affective experience.
“In sum, in the first ESM study to directly compare the everyday dynamics of rumination and worry, we found distinct relations with both daily events and affective experience.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The findings that clinical participants reported more stressful events are consistent with previous research examining heightened experience of stressful events in depression and anxiety.
“These findings are consistent with previous research examining the heightened experience of stressful events in depression and anxiety (reviewed in Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008, and Smith & Alloy, 2009), including ESM studies (e.g., Thompson et al., 2012)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Smith & Alloy, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Thompson et al., 2012
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Rumination produces stronger affective changes than does worry.
“Rumination also exhibited stronger prospective affective consequences than did worry, indicating that rumination carries the emotional ‘weight’ of perseverative negative thought.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Despite overlapping features, rumination and worry appear to have distinct effects on subsequent naturalistic emotions.
“Thus, despite the overlapping features of rumination and worry, they appear to have distinct effects on subsequent naturalistic emotions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Level of rumination is more susceptible to everyday events than is worry.
“These results indicate that level of rumination is more susceptible to everyday events and produces stronger affective changes than does worry.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The dynamics of rumination and worry still would be expected to disproportionately affect individuals with MDD, GAD, and co-occurring MDD-GAD.
“Therefore, the dynamics of rumination and worry still would be expected to disproportionately affect individuals with MDD, GAD, and co-occurring MDD-GAD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
All of these clinical groups (MDD, GAD, and co-occurring MDD-GAD) engage in problematic perseverative negative thinking.
“grounded in knowledge that all of these clinical groups engage in problematic perseverative negative thinking (e.g., Kircanski et al., 2015; McEvoy et al., 2013; Ruscio et al., 2015; Yook et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Kircanski et al., 2015
Not checked in the free run.
- cites McEvoy et al., 2013
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Ruscio et al., 2015
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The precise level of worry at a given point in time may be more internally generated than tied to the experience of external life events.
“Therefore, although the content of worry centers on life domains and stressors (APA, 2000), the precise level of worry at a given point in time may be more internally generated than tied to the experience of external life events.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites APA, 2000
Not checked in the free run.
- The quote only partly states this claim. 4
- May combine two claims. 18
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 19
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn the combined clinical group, momentary level of rumination increased following the occurrence of a significant event.
“As hypothesized, in the clinical group momentary level of rumination increased following the occurrence of a significant event, p = .01.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Across the clinical groups, occurrences of everyday events predicted subsequent increases in rumination, but not worry.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn the combined clinical group, momentary level of rumination increased more strongly in response to events rated as less important.
“However, level of rumination also increased more strongly in response to events that were rated as less important, p = .02.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe clinical and CTL groups did not differ in reported event importance, controllability, or expectedness.
“The clinical and CTL groups did not differ in reported event importance (clinical group: M = 3.55, SE = 0.13%; CTL group: M = 3.22, SE = 0.25), t(59) = −1.17, p = .25, controllability (clinical group: M = 2.88, SE = 0.11; CTL group: M = 3.21, SE = 0.23), t(59) = 1.30, p = .20, or expectedness (clinical group: M = 2.93, SE = 0.12; CTL group: M = 3.38, SE = 0.28), t(59) = 1.51, p = .14.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn the combined clinical group, momentary level of rumination increased more strongly in response to events rated as more stressful.
“With respect to rumination, as hypothesized, in the clinical group momentary level of rumination increased more strongly in response to events that were rated as more stressful, p < .001.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataA total of 366 events were reported by 61 participants.
“A total of 366 events were reported by 61 participants (6 clinical and 3 CTL participants did not report any events).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataPA and NA ICCs were significantly greater than zero.
“ICCs were significantly greater than zero for both PA, ICC = 0.47, Z = 5.67, p < .001, and NA, ICC = 0.47, Z = 5.70, p < .001.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataRumination was more susceptible to daily events and produced stronger affective changes over time than worry.
“Thus, rumination was more susceptible to daily events and produced stronger affective changes over time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe ESM rumination and worry items were based on prior ESM studies and pilot-tested for feasibility and clarity.
“These items were based on prior ESM studies (e.g., Hartley et al., 2014; Moberly & Watkins, 2008a) and were pilot-tested for feasibility and clarity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Hartley et al., 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Moberly & Watkins, 2008a
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe sample size for the study was consistent with the initial report, which used power calculations to determine sample size.
“The sample size for the study was consistent with the initial report (Kircanski et al., 2015), which used power calculations to determine sample size.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kircanski et al., 2015
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataInter-rater reliability was excellent for classifying the presence/absence of MDD (k = 1.00) and GAD (k = 0.87).
“Inter-rater reliability was excellent for classifying the presence/absence both of MDD (k = 1.00) and of GAD (k = 0.87).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Study design and conductown dataIn the current sample, internal consistency reliability was strong among the items of the BDI-II (α = .96), GAD-Q-IV (α = .81), RRS Brooding Subscale (α = .87), and PSWQ (α = .94).
“In the current sample, internal consistency reliability was strong among the items of the BDI-II (α = .96) and among the dimensional items of the GAD-Q-IV (α = .81)”
- Also stated in: § Self-Report Questionnaires · boosted
“In the current sample, internal consistency reliability was strong among the items of the RRS Brooding Subscale (α = .87) and of the PSWQ (α = .94).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § Self-Report Questionnaires · boosted
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataEvent stressfulness, importance, controllability, and expectedness ICCs were significantly greater than zero, indicating appropriate reliability or within-subject nesting of observations.
“ICCs were significantly greater than zero for event stressfulness, ICC = 0.32, Z = 3.15, p < .005, event importance, ICC = 0.27, Z = 3.08, p < .005, event controllability, ICC = 0.16, Z = 2.22, p = .03, and event expectedness, ICC = 0.24, Z = 2.92, p < .005, indicating appropriate reliability or within-subject nesting of observations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe clinical and CTL groups did not differ in age, proportion of college-educated participants, race/ethnicity distribution, or percentage of prompts completed.
“The groups did not differ in age, t(68) = 0.67, p = .50, proportion of college-educated participants, χ2(1,N = 70) = 0.02, p = .89, distribution by race/ethnicity, χ2(5,N = 70) = 6.91, p = .23, or percentage of prompts completed, t(68) = 0.16, p = .88.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationWorry surrounding daily stressors prolonged cardiac activation.
“Pieper and colleagues (2007) conducted concurrent ESM and ambulatory physiological monitoring, and found that worry surrounding daily stressors prolonged cardiac activation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pieper et al., 2007
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationWorry is posited to focus on the future and on potential negative outcomes.
“worry is posited to focus on the future and on potential negative outcomes (Borkovec, Robinson, Pruzinsky, & DePree, 1983).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Borkovec, Robinson, Pruzinsky, & DePree, 1983
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationRecent theory suggests that worry serves to sustain chronic, low-level negative affect in order to prevent experiencing a subsequent strong emotional shift from a neutral or positive state to a negative state.
“Moreover, recent theory suggests that worry serves to sustain chronic, low-level negative affect in order to prevent experiencing a subsequent strong emotional shift from a neutral or positive state to a negative state.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Llera & Newman, 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Newman & Llera, 2011
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationRumination is theorized to focus on the past and one's own distress.
“Rumination is theorized to focus on the past and one’s own distress (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationWorry has been posited to function to cognitively avoid highly aversive material.
“Conceptually, whereas rumination involves a focus on one’s negative feelings and problems, worry has been posited to function to cognitively avoid highly aversive material (reviewed in Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenDiagnostic evaluations were audio recorded, and 25% of audio recordings were randomly selected for a different, blinded interviewer to re-rate current diagnoses of MDD and GAD.
“Diagnostic evaluations were audio recorded. Twenty-five percent of audio recordings were randomly selected across eligible and ineligible participants in order for a different, blinded interviewer to re-rate current diagnoses of MDD and GAD.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationFindings are mixed regarding the effects of experimentally induced worry on subsequent affect.
“findings are mixed regarding the effects of experimentally induced worry on subsequent affect (e.g., Llera & Newman, 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2007).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Llera & Newman, 2010
Not checked in the free run.
- cites McLaughlin et al., 2007
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationThe BDI-II and GAD-Q-IV have strong psychometric properties.
“Both of these measures have strong psychometric properties (e.g., Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg, 1998; Robinson, Klenck, & Norton, 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg, 1998
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Robinson, Klenck, & Norton, 2010
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRumination and worry are perseverative, negatively valenced thought processes that characterize depressive and anxiety disorders.
“Rumination and worry are two perseverative, negatively valenced thought processes that characterize depressive and anxiety disorders.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
“A growing literature is documenting that rumination and worry are perseverative, negative thought processes that cut across mood and anxiety disorders (e.g., Drost, van der Does, van Hemert, Penninx, & Spinhoven, 2014; Ehring & Watkins, 2008; Gruber, Eidelman, & Harvey, 2008; McEvoy, Watson, Watkins, & Nathan, 2013; Ruscio et al., 2015; Ruscio, Seitchik, Gentes, Jones, & Hallion, 2011; Yook, Kim,”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Both rumination and worry involve repetitive, negatively valenced thinking (Ehring & Watkins, 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Drost, van der Does, van Hemert, Penninx, & Spinhoven, 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Ehring & Watkins, 2008
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Ruscio et al., 2015
Not checked in the free run.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationPsychometric properties are excellent for both the RRS Brooding Subscale and the PSWQ.
“Psychometric properties are excellent for both the RRS Brooding Subscale and the PSWQ (e.g., Molina & Borkovec, 1994; Treynor et al., 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Molina & Borkovec, 1994
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Treynor et al., 2003
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe tripartite model of depression and anxiety suggests that rumination and worry are both associated with increased negative affect.
“While the tripartite model of depression and anxiety (Clark & Watson, 1991) suggests that rumination and worry are both associated with increased negative affect”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Clark & Watson, 1991
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe positive and negative affect items were selected based on prior work, including the PANAS and Ekman's basic emotions, and were designed to encompass both low- and high-arousal emotions.
“These items were selected based on prior work, including the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) and Ekman’s basic emotions (e.g., (Ekman, Friesen, & Ellsworth, 1972), and were designed to encompass both low- and high-arousal emotions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Ekman, Friesen, & Ellsworth, 1972
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationAlloy and colleagues' (2000) model of stress-reactive rumination posits that rumination precedes increases in negative affect and depressed mood.
“This work is consistent with Alloy and colleagues’ (2000) model of stress-reactive rumination, which posits that rumination precedes increases in negative affect and depressed mood.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Alloy et al., 2000
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe study did not assess the ongoing activities in which participants were engaged and that contextualized their perseverative thinking and affective experience.
“Fourth, we did not assess the ongoing activities in which participants were engaged and that contextualized their perseverative thinking and affective experience.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataSignificant events were endorsed at relatively low rates in both the clinical and control groups, which may have limited power to detect effects.
“Third, significant events were endorsed at relatively low rates in both the clinical and control groups, which may have limited our power to detect effects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataIt is normative for worry to be tied to daily events and may function adaptively in control participants.
“indicating that it is normative for worry to be tied to daily events and may function adaptively in this group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationControl theories propose that stressors activate discrepancies between individuals' actual and desired states, and that rumination serves to resolve such discrepancies, sometimes by downgrading the subjective importance of the events.
“These theories propose that stressors (e.g., a failure experience) activate discrepancies between individuals’ actual and desired states, and that rumination serves to resolve such discrepancies, sometimes by downgrading the subjective importance of the events”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Carver & Scheier, 1982
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Martin & Tesser, 1996
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Watkins, 2008
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWomen have a higher prevalence of MDD and GAD.
“we studied women in this investigation, based on their higher prevalence of MDD and GAD (Kendler et al., 2007) and in order to enhance statistical power.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kendler et al., 2007
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe content of worry centers on life domains and stressors.
“although the content of worry centers on life domains and stressors (APA, 2000)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites APA, 2000
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataWhile worry was concurrently associated with emotional distress, worry did not drive subsequent changes in positive or negative affect as did rumination.
“That is, while worry was concurrently associated with emotional distress, worry did not drive subsequent changes in positive or negative affect as did rumination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
No ESM study of everyday events has integrated assessments of rumination and worry.
“To date, no ESM study of everyday events has integrated assessments of rumination and worry, an approach that is necessary in order to directly compare their precipitating conditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The naturalistic influence of worry on affect has not yet been examined using ESM.
“Although the naturalistic influence of worry on affect has not yet been examined using ESM, there is reason to believe that worry may differ from rumination in its affective consequences.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Surprisingly little research has examined event-related worry in the same manner as rumination.
“Surprisingly little research, however, has examined event-related worry in the same manner as rumination.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The lagged associations between rumination or worry and subsequent affect reflect causal effects rather than unmeasured confounding.
“The analysis controlled for level of PA at the previous prompt (t-1); thus, results reflect the change in level of PA following rumination and worry”
“higher levels of rumination at a given prompt predicted greater decreases in PA at the subsequent prompt”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In daily life, worry levels were not significantly associated with the occurrence of significant events.
“levels of worry were not significantly associated with the occurrence of significant events”
From Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention for major depressive disorder: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [53]
Compared to the control group, clinically depressed individuals showed decreased positive affect and increased negative affect as a consequence of high rumination levels.
“Compared to the control group, clinically depressed individuals showed decreased PA and increased NA as a consequence of high rumination levels.”
From Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention for major depressive disorder: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [53]
In daily life, rumination was significantly higher in response to significant events.
“rumination was significantly higher in response to these circumstances”
From Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention for major depressive disorder: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [53]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentz = 3.15reported p < .005 · recomputed p = .002
“Z = 3.15, p < .005”
- Consistentz = 3.08reported p < .005 · recomputed p = .002
“Z = 3.08, p < .005”
- Consistentz = 2.22reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .026
“Z = 2.22, p = .03”
- Consistentz = 2.92reported p < .005 · recomputed p = .004
“Z = 2.92, p < .005”
- Consistentz = 5.67reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“Z = 5.67, p < .001”
- Consistentz = 5.7reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“Z = 5.70, p < .001”
- Consistentt(68) = 0.67reported p = .5 · recomputed p = .505
“t(68) = 0.67, p = .50”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 0.02reported p = .89 · recomputed p = .888
“χ2(1,N = 70) = 0.02, p = .89”
- Consistentχ²(5) = 6.91reported p = .23 · recomputed p = .227
“χ2(5,N = 70) = 6.91, p = .23”
- Consistentt(68) = 0.16reported p = .88 · recomputed p = .873
“t(68) = 0.16, p = .88”
- Consistentt(68) = -2.67reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .009
“t(68) = −2.67, p = .01”
- Consistentt(59) = -4.58reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(59) = −4.58, p < .001”
- Consistentt(59) = -1.17reported p = .25 · recomputed p = .247
“t(59) = −1.17, p = .25”
- Consistentt(59) = 1.3reported p = .2 · recomputed p = .199
“t(59) = 1.30, p = .20”
- Consistentt(59) = 1.51reported p = .14 · recomputed p = .136
“t(59) = 1.51, p = .14”
- Consistentt(68) = 4.63reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(68) = 4.63, p < .001”
- Consistentt(68) = -8.99reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(68) = −8.99, p < .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed.
Carter, M. J. (2014) · Therapeutic Recreation Journal · Cited by 15,154 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
&NA; (1988) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-198802020-00022 · Cited by 12,603 · see citing works
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., Sanislow, C., & Wang, P. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379 · Cited by 7,067 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Consistent with the NIMH RDoC framework (Insel et al., 2010; Sanislow et al., 2010), we used a transdiagnostic approach to examine rumination and worry across participants diagnosed with MDD, GAD, and co-occurring MDD– GAD, grounded in knowledge that all of these clinical groups engage in problematic perseverative neg…”
MethodMultilevel analysis : an introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling
Snijders, T. A. B., & Bosker, R. (1999) · Cited by 6,830 · see citing works
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x · Cited by 5,172 · cited 7× · see citing works
“Conceptually, whereas rumination involves a focus on one’s negative feelings and problems, worry has been posited to function to cognitively avoid highly aversive material (reviewed in Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDevelopment and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6 · Cited by 5,099 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Participants also completed the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS; Treynor, Gonzalez, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003) to assess trait rumination, and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ; Meyer, Miller, Metzger, & Borkovec, 1990) to assess trait worry.”
MethodTripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,602 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While the tripartite model of depression and anxiety (Clark & Watson, 1991) suggests that rumination and worry are both associated with increased negative affect, findings are mixed regarding the effects of experimentally induced worry on subsequent affect (e.g., Llera & Newman, 2010; McLaughlin et…”
BackgroundTripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,601 · see citing works
Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.4.569 · Cited by 4,529 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Rumination is theorized to focus on the past and one’s own distress (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991); worry is posited to focus on the future and on potential negative outcomes (Borkovec, Robinson, Pruzinsky, & DePree, 1983).”
BackgroundRumination reconsidered: a psychometric analysis.
Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023910315561 · Cited by 3,808 · cited 7× · see citing works
“In the current sample, internal consistency reliability was strong among the items of the RRS Brooding Subscale ( α = .87) and of the PSWQ ( α = .94).”
MethodInfluentialNolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115 · Cited by 3,276 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…stressors (e.g., trauma, death of a loved one) were demonstrated to increase the likelihood of experiencing subsequent depression and anxiety (e.g., Abela & Hankin, 2011; Michl, McLaughlin, Shepherd, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2013; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991; Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994).”
BackgroundCarver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.92.1.111 · Cited by 2,650 · cited 1× · see citing works
“One potential explanation that might be useful in attempting to understand this latter finding is provided by control theories (see Carver & Scheier, 1982, and Martin & Tesser, 1996, elaborated by Watkins, 2008).”
BackgroundConstructive and unconstructive repetitive thought
Watkins, E. R. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163 · Cited by 2,421 · cited 8× · see citing works
“…with a decrease in positive affect and increase in negative affect were consistent with results reported in previous studies (e.g., Moberly & Watkins, 2008a, 2008b; Ruscio et al., 2015), and underscore the deleterious impact of rumination on subsequent positive and negative affect (Alloy et…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBrosschot, J. F., Gerin, W., & Thayer, J. F. (2006) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.074 · Cited by 1,643 · see citing works
A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory–II.
Dozois, D. J. A., Dobson, K. S., & Ahnberg, J. L. (1998) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.83 · Cited by 1,517 · see citing works
Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes
Borkovec, T. D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & DePree, J. A. (1983) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(83)90121-3 · Cited by 1,468 · cited 1× · see citing works
“With respect to everyday consequences of rumination and worry, affective experience has long been considered an important outcome of perseverative thinking (Borkovec et al., 1983; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991).”
BackgroundEmotion in the Human Face: Guidelines for Research and an Integration of Findings
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1972) · Cited by 1,279 · see citing works
Repetitive Negative Thinking as a Transdiagnostic Process
Ehring, T., & Watkins, E. R. (2008) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2008.1.3.192 · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic process
Ehring, T., & Watkins, E. (2008) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1680/ijct.2008.1.3.192 · Cited by 1,141 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Both rumination and worry involve repetitive, negatively valenced thinking (Ehring & Watkins, 2008).”
BackgroundRuminative coping with depressed mood following loss.
Nolen–Hoeksema, S., Parker, L. E., & Larson, J. M. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.67.1.92 · Cited by 1,101 · see citing works
Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L. E., & Larson, J. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.92 · Cited by 932 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This finding supports theory linking rumination to life stress (e.g., Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994), here at the daily level as opposed to major life events (see also Moberly & Watkins, 2008b, and Ruscio et al., 2015).”
Result(2004) · Cited by 863 · see citing works
Smith, J. M., & Alloy, L. B. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.10.003 · Cited by 803 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…previous research examining the heightened experience of stressful events in depression and anxiety (reviewed in Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008, and Smith & Alloy, 2009), including ESM studies (e.g., Thompson et al., 2012), and may help to account for clinical participants’ greater tendency to…”
BackgroundDeveloping constructs for psychopathology research: Research domain criteria
Sanislow, C. A., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K. J., Kozak, M. J., Garvey, M. A., Heinssen, R. K., Wang, P. S.-E., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020909 · Cited by 793 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Consistent with the NIMH RDoC framework (Insel et al., 2010; Sanislow et al., 2010), we used a transdiagnostic approach to examine rumination and worry across participants diagnosed with MDD, GAD, and co-occurring MDD– GAD, grounded in knowledge that all of these clinical groups engage in problematic perseverative neg…”
MethodMichl, L. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Shepherd, K., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031994 · Cited by 694 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…discrepancies between individuals’ actual and desired states, and that rumination serves to resolve such discrepancies, sometimes by downgrading the subjective importance of the events (e.g., telling oneself that the domain in which failure occurred is not important) (see Michl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundNewman, M. G., & Llera, S. J. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.008 · Cited by 598 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Conversely, targeting worry may involve having individuals experience greater shifts away from positive emotion and toward negative emotion as individuals learn to tolerate such affective contrasts (Llera & Newman, 2014; Newman & Llera, 2011).”
BackgroundNewman, M. G., Zuellig, A. R., Kachin, K. E., Constantino, M. J., Przeworski, A., Erickson, T., & Cashman-McGrath, L. (2002) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(02)80026-0 · Cited by 553 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) to assess the severity of MDD symptoms, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire-IV (GAD-Q-IV; Newman et al., 2002) to assess the severity of GAD symptoms.”
MethodSnijders, T. A. B. (2011) · International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_387 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Hogan, M. E., Whitehouse, W. G., Rose, D. T., Robinson, M. S., Kim, R. S., & Lapkin, J. B. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.3.403 · Cited by 528 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…a decrease in positive affect and increase in negative affect were consistent with results reported in previous studies (e.g., Moberly & Watkins, 2008a, 2008b; Ruscio et al., 2015), and underscore the deleterious impact of rumination on subsequent positive and negative affect (Alloy et al., 2000).”
ResultThe Penn State Worry Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and associated characteristics.
Plaza, S. M., & Borkovec, T. D. (1994) · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment and treatment
Carmin, C. N. (1995) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(95)90175-2 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
McEvoy, P. M., Watson, H., Watkins, E. R., & Nathan, P. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.014 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
The effects of worry and rumination on affect states and cognitive activity.
McLaughlin, K. A., Borkovec, T. D., & Sibrava, N. J. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.03.003 · Cited by 480 · cited 2× · see citing works
“While the tripartite model of depression and anxiety (Clark & Watson, 1991) suggests that rumination and worry are both associated with increased negative affect, findings are mixed regarding the effects of experimentally induced worry on subsequent affect (e.g. Llera & Newman, 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2007).”
BackgroundRuminative Self-Focus and Negative Affect
Moberly, N., & Watkins, E. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.2.314 · Cited by 441 · cited 5× · see citing works
“…was associated with a decrease in positive affect and increase in negative affect were consistent with results reported in previous studies (e.g., Moberly & Watkins, 2008a, 2008b; Ruscio et al., 2015), and underscore the deleterious impact of rumination on subsequent positive and negative affect…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialEmotional reactivity to daily events in major and minor depression.
Bylsma, L. M., Taylor-Clift, A., & Rottenberg, J. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021662 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Comparisons between rumination and worry in a non-clinical population
Watkins, E. R., Moulds, M. L., & Mackintosh, B. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.11.008 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Abela, J. R., & Hankin, B. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022796 · Cited by 351 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…stressors (e.g., trauma, death of a loved one) were demonstrated to increase the likelihood of experiencing subsequent depression and anxiety (e.g., Abela & Hankin, 2011; Michl, McLaughlin, Shepherd, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2013; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991; Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994).”
BackgroundKendler, K. S., Gardner, C. O., Gatz, M., & Pedersen, N. L. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706009135 · Cited by 325 · cited 3× · see citing works
“However, given that clinical participants’ simple report of an event having occurred served to increase their rumination, investigators and clinicians should note that rumination in MDD and GAD may be susceptible to a wide variety of daily events, not only to negative, unexpected, or uncontrollable events as are typic…”
MethodYook, K., Kim, K.-H., Suh, S. Y., & Lee, K. S. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.04.003 · Cited by 321 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…rumination and worry across participants diagnosed with MDD, GAD, and co-occurring MDD-GAD, grounded in knowledge that all of these clinical groups engage in problematic perseverative negative thinking (e.g., Kircanski et al., 2015; McEvoy et al., 2013; Ruscio et al., 2015; Yook et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodGeneralized Anxiety Disorder: Advances in Research and Practice
Storch, D. D. (2005) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.5.620 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Thompson, R. J., Mata, J., Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027978 · Cited by 292 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…for levels of rumination and worry, respectively, at the previous prompt (t-1); thus, results reflect changes in levels of rumination and worry following the occurrence of an event (consistent with the procedures of previous ESM studies examining reactivity to events; e.g., Thompson et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultGeneralized worry disorder: a review of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder and options for DSM-V
Andrews, G., Hobbs, M. J., Borkovec, T. D., Beesdo, K., Craske, M. G., Heimberg, R. G., Rapee, R. M., Ruscio, A. M., & Stanley, M. A. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20658 · Cited by 273 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…caseness is not met when this disorder occurs only in the context of MDD, the empirical literature and a DSM-5 work group have indicated multiple problems with this criterion (e.g., Andrews et al., 2010; Lawrence, Liverant, Rosellini, & Brown, 2009); therefore, the hierarchy rule was not applied.”
BackgroundToward a dynamic model of psychological assessment: Implications for personalized care.
Fisher, A. J. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000026 · Cited by 263 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Further research using ESM should directly investigate the activities or contexts in which rumination and worry are activated, perhaps in a person-specific manner in order to identify individualized treatment targets (Fisher, 2015).”
MethodAssessing treatments used to reduce rumination and/or worry: A systematic review
Querstret, D., & Cropley, M. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.08.004 · Cited by 253 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Of course, rumination and worry may be addressed collectively in treatments that broadly target perseverative negative thought (see Querstret & Cropley, 2013).”
BackgroundRuscio, A. M., Gentes, E. L., Jones, J. D., Hallion, L. S., Coleman, E. S., & Swendsen, J. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000025 · Cited by 228 · cited 9× · see citing works
“…a decrease in positive affect and increase in negative affect were consistent with results reported in previous studies (e.g., Moberly & Watkins, 2008a, 2008b; Ruscio et al., 2015), and underscore the deleterious impact of rumination on subsequent positive and negative affect (Alloy et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialRuminative self-focus, negative life events, and negative affect
Moberly, N. J., & Watkins, E. R. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.06.004 · Cited by 197 · cited 5× · see citing works
“…was associated with a decrease in positive affect and increase in negative affect were consistent with results reported in previous studies (e.g., Moberly & Watkins, 2008a, 2008b; Ruscio et al., 2015), and underscore the deleterious impact of rumination on subsequent positive and negative affect…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLlera, S. J., & Newman, M. G. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0019351 · Cited by 195 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…model of depression and anxiety (Clark & Watson, 1991) suggests that rumination and worry are both associated with increased negative affect, findings are mixed regarding the effects of experimentally induced worry on subsequent affect (e.g., Llera & Newman, 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2007).”
BackgroundCardiac effects of momentary assessed worry episodes and stressful events.
Pieper, S., Brosschot, J. F., van der Leeden, R., & Thayer, J. F. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31815a9230 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Negative affect and ruminative self-focus during everyday goal pursuit
Moberly, N. J., & Watkins, E. R. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802696849 · Cited by 175 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Thus, in the current study, higher levels of rumination may have been serving the function of downgrading the subjective importance of everyday events (however, see Moberly & Watkins, 2010).”
BackgroundLlera, S. J., & Newman, M. G. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.12.011 · Cited by 163 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Conversely, targeting worry may involve having individuals experience greater shifts away from positive emotion and toward negative emotion as individuals learn to tolerate such affective contrasts (Llera & Newman, 2014; Newman & Llera, 2011).”
BackgroundPe, M. L., Raes, F., & Kuppens, P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069071 · Cited by 142 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…analysis controlled for level of PA at the previous prompt (t-1); thus, results reflect the change in level of PA following rumination and worry (consistent with the procedures of previous ESM studies examining the effects of rumination on affect; e.g., Pe, Raes, & Kuppens, 2013; Pe et al., 2013).”
ResultAn experience sampling study of worry and rumination in psychosis
Hartley, S., Haddock, G., Vasconcelos e Sa, D., Emsley, R., & Barrowclough, C. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002080 · Cited by 138 · cited 2× · see citing works
“These items were based on prior ESM studies (e.g., Hartley et al., 2014; Moberly & Watkins, 2008a) and were pilot-tested for feasibility and clarity.”
MethodResultRumination and Worry in Daily Life
Kircanski, K., Thompson, R. J., Sorenson, J. E., Sherdell, L., & Gotlib, I. H. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614566603 · Cited by 124 · cited 10× · see citing works
“The sample size for the study was consistent with the initial report (Kircanski et al., 2015), which used power calculations to determine sample size.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationDrost, J., van der Does, W., van Hemert, A. M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Spinhoven, P. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.06.004 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Ruscio, A. M., Seitchik, A. E., Gentes, E. L., Jones, J. D., & Hallion, L. S. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.10.001 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Transdiagnostic emotion regulation processes in bipolar disorder and insomnia
Gruber, J., Eidelman, P., & Harvey, A. G. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.004 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Robinson, C. M., Klenck, S. C., & Norton, P. J. (2010) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2010.486841 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Pe, M. L., Raes, F., Koval, P., Brans, K., Verduyn, P., & Kuppens, P. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.719489 · Cited by 58 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…analysis controlled for level of PA at the previous prompt (t-1); thus, results reflect the change in level of PA following rumination and worry (consistent with the procedures of previous ESM studies examining the effects of rumination on affect; e.g., Pe, Raes, & Kuppens, 2013; Pe et al., 2013).”
ResultRodebaugh, T., Holaway, R. M., & Heimberg, R. (2008) · Assessment (Odessa, Fla.) · doi:10.1177/1073191107312547 · Cited by 48 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In the current sample, internal consistency reliability was strong among the items of the BDI-II ( α = .96) and among the dimensional items of the GAD-Q-IV ( α = .81), with the dichotomous items summed to create a continuous item (see (Rodebaugh, Holaway, & Heimberg, 2008).”
MethodLawrence, A. E., Liverant, G. I., Rosellini, A. J., & Brown, T. A. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20607 · Cited by 27 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…caseness is not met when this disorder occurs only in the context of MDD, the empirical literature and a DSM-5 work group have indicated multiple problems with this criterion (e.g., Andrews et al., 2010; Lawrence, Liverant, Rosellini, & Brown, 2009); therefore, the hierarchy rule was not applied.”
BackgroundA metacognitive model and therapy for generalized anxiety disorder
Wells, A. (1999) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0879(199905)6:2
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 64 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Beck A. T., 1996, Manual for the beck depression inventory-II
- First, M. B., Spitzer, R., Gibbon, M. & Williams, J. (1996). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders-clinician version (SCID-CV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
- Martin L. L., 1996, Advances in social cognition, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Anxiety and depression: toward overlapping and distinctive features
Eysenck, M. W., & Fajkowska, M. (2017) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2017.1330255 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
“(2017) administered the STADI and several other relevant scales including the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory to healthy and clinical samples.”
BackgroundMethodColombo, D., Fernández-Álvarez, J., Patané, A., Semonella, M., Kwiatkowska, M., García-Palacios, A., Cipresso, P., Riva, G., & Botella, C. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8040465 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“[53] MDD (n = 16), GAD (n = 15), MDD with GAD comorbidity (n = 20), and HCG (n = 19) Rumination; worry; PA and NA; significant events Palm Pilot Zire 22 6 to7 days 8 Semi-randomized 65% No Levels of rumination among all the clinical samples are higher in response to significant events.”
BackgroundBoemo, T., Nieto, I., Vazquez, C., & Sanchez-Lopez, A. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104747 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Matthews, G., Panganiban, A. R., Wells, A., Wohleber, R. W., & Reinerman-Jones, L. E. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00640 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Positive emotion in daily life: Emotion regulation and depression.
Vanderlind, W. M., Everaert, J., & Joormann, J. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000944 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“These models are similar to various other studies in this field of research and increase comparability of the results across studies (Haines et al., 2016; Kircanski et al., 2018; Pe et al., 2013).”
ResultRosenkranz, T., Takano, K., Watkins, E., & Ehring, T. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231783 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Gustavson, D. E., du Pont, A., Whisman, M. A., & Miyake, A. (2018) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.128 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“…affect for rumination only or increased cortisol in worry only), but limited evidence for unique associations between depression and rumination independent of variation in anxiety and/or worry and vice versa (Kircanski, Thompson, Sorenson, Sherdell, & Gotlib, 2017; Lewis, Yoon, & Joormann, 2017).”
Daily rumination about stress, sleep, and diurnal cortisol activity
Sladek, M. R., Doane, L. D., & Breitenstein, R. S. (2019) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1601617 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Happy Thoughts: Mind Wandering Affects Mood in Daily Life
Welz, A., Reinhard, I., Alpers, G. W., & Kuehner, C. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0778-y · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Inflexible, perseverative forms of thinkingmay be particularly related to negative affect (Kircanski et al. 2017; Ottaviani et al. 2013, 2015a).”
BackgroundResultMcCarthy, J. M., Truxillo, D. M., Bauer, T. N., Erdoğan, B., Shao, Y., Wang, M., Liff, J., & Gardner, C. L. (2021) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000943 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“This is important, as rumination and exhaustion have been identified as critical considerations with respect to the current pandemic (Bakker & van Wingerden, in press; Caldas et al., 2021) and are salient to the study of anxiety (Kircanski et al., 2018; Koutsimani et al., 2019).”
BackgroundDevelopment and preliminary validation of the sports competition rumination scale (SCRS)
Michel‐Kröhler, A., Krys, S., & Berti, S. (2021) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2021.1961921 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Krahé, C., Whyte, J., Bridge, L., Loizou, S., & Hirsch, C. R. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619851808 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Webb, C. A., Israel, E. S., Belleau, E. L., Appleman, L., Forbes, E. E., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2020) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.03.010 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“represents one form of mind-wandering characterized by negatively valenced, past-oriented, and typically selfreferential thoughts, which has been repeatedly shown to predict worse affect.(8,9) In contrast, other forms of mindwandering (eg, related to creative thinking or anticipatory pleasure) may produce positive out…”
BackgroundLewis, E. J., Blanco, I., Raila, H., & Joormann, J. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000535 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Worry and Rumination
Stade, E. C., & Ruscio, A. M. (2022) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221131309 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“However, when studied in patients’ daily lives, rumination, but not worry, predicted subsequent decreases in positive affect and increases in negative affect (Kircanski et al., 2018).”
BackgroundHickman, R., D’Oliveira, T. C., Davies, A., & Shergill, S. S. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24144701 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Ruminative Inertia and Its Association With Current Severity and Lifetime Course of Depression
Bean, C., Heggeness, L. F., Kalmbach, D. A., & Ciesla, J. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620949174 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Perseverative cognition, distracted communication, and well‐being in everyday social interaction
Merolla, A. J., Hall, J. A., & Bernhold, Q. S. (2019) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12286 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Atalay, A. A., Kızılöz, B. K., İlkmen, Y. S., & Kozol, E. (2021) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2021.101691 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Beddig, T., Reinhard, I., Ebner‐Priemer, U., & Kuehner, C. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103613 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Laicher, H., Int-Veen, I., Torka, F., Kroczek, A., Bihlmaier, I., Storchak, H., Velten-Schurian, K., Dresler, T., Täglich, R., Fallgatter, A. J., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-08579-1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Stefanovic, M., Rosenkranz, T., Ehring, T. W., Watkins, E. R., & Takano, K. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026211009495 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Kovács, L. N., Kocsel, N., Tóth, Z., Smahajcsik‐Szabó, T., Karsai, S., & Kökönyei, G. (2023) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12897 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cavalcanti, L. G., Steindl, S. R., Matos, M., & Boschen, M. J. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01510-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ruminative Variability Predicts Increases in Depression and Social Anxiety
Bean, C. A. L., & Ciesla, J. A. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10451-z · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Within any given day, engaging in rumination tends to predict subsequent increases in negative affect and decreases in positive affect (Kircanski et al., 2018).”
Reciprocal effects between negative affect and emotion regulation in daily life
Wang, X., Shao, S., Cai, Z., Ma, C., Jia, L., Blain, S. D., & Tan, Y. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104518 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ruminative Inertia, Emotion Regulation, and Depression: A Daily-Diary Study.
Bean, C., Heggeness, L. F., & Ciesla, J. (2021) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.04.004 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Psychological Dimensions Relevant to Motivation and Pleasure in Schizophrenia
Abram, S. V., Weittenhiller, L. P., Bertrand, C., McQuaid, J. R., Mathalon, D., Ford, J., & Fryer, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.827260 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sánchez-López, Á. (2021) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2021.28 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Promising initial work has indeed started to be conducted through ESM studies considering the role ofmomentary appraisals of emotional intensity and controllability in the momentary use of strategies such as rumination (Kircanski et al., 2017), reappraisal or active coping (Haines et al., 2016).”
BackgroundWu, C., Tan, Y., Blain, S. D., Shao, S., Jia, L., & Wang, X. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100781 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Brief State Rumination Inventory
Wang, C., Song, X., Lee, T. M. C., & Zhang, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.824744 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Stange, J. P., Hamilton, J. L., Shepard, R., Wu, J., Fresco, D. M., & Alloy, L. B. (2020) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107886 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Prior work suggests that rumination in daily life is more likely to occur in the context of stressors (Kircanski et al., 2018; Moberly & Watkins, 2008), but individuals may vary in the tendency to ruminate following stress (Kircanski et al.”
BackgroundDaily worry, rumination, and sleep in late life
Zhou, Z., Birditt, K. S., Leger, K. A., & Fingerman, K. L. (2024) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.111622 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Coping with COVID-19: Insights from cognition and emotion research
Koole, S. L., & Rothermund, K. (2022) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2022.2027702 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Koch, T., Liedl, A., Takano, K., & Ehring, T. W. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10091-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Schricker, I. F., Nayman, S., Reinhard, I., & Kuehner, C. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.09.001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Schricker, I. F., Nayman, S., Reinhard, I., & Kuehner, C. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104383 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bolzenkötter, T., Bürkner, P., Zetsche, U., & Schulze, L. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02350-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Int-Veen, I., Volz, M., Kroczek, A., Fallgatter, A. J., Ehlis, A., Rubel, J., & Rosenbaum, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1400223 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Clayton, M., Renna, M. E., Klemanski, D. H., Kerns, C. E., McLaughlin, K. A., & Mennin, D. S. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-022-10339-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Don’t Worry, Be Happy: Associations Between Worry and Positive Emotion Regulation
Palmer, C. A., Oosterhoff, B. J., & Gentzler, A. L. (2020) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-020-00081-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“In addition, depressive symptoms (e.g., anhedonia and blunted positive affect) may partially explain the relationship between worry and disrupted positive experiences, due to high rates of comorbidity with anxiety symptoms such as worry (e.g., Kircanski et al. 2017).”
BackgroundHu, J., Gan, Y., Li, Z., Li, X., Xu, T., Qiu, J., Wang, X., & Wei, D. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104645 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Agents of Socialization, Anxiety, College Women, and Fear of Rape
Pryor, D. W., Hughes, M. R., & Langdon, J. J. (2023) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012231172703 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…is a characteristic feature of generalized anxiety (see American Psychiatric Association, 2013), while the second item about repetitive negative thinking is a transdiagnostic indicator of affective disorders, anxiety among them (see Kircanski et al., 2018; McEvoy & Brans, 2013; Muris et al., 2005).”
BackgroundThe Mediating Role of Affects between Mind-Wandering and Happiness
Salavera, C., & Supervía, P. U. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12125139 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Lastly, it is possible that the effect of mind-wandering on happiness may be caused by variables which have not been taken into consideration in this study: Depression, a low ability to regulate emotions, and a lack of mental flexibility may have an effect on the relationship between mind-wandering and happiness [44,4…”
BackgroundHuang, S., Lai, X., Zhang, C., Xinmei, Z., Xinran, D., Mengdi, Q., Huanlei, W., Wenrong, W., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2024.00745 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hu, J., Liu, J., Meng, M., & Gan, Y. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.102983 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The daily relations of co-rumination and perseverative cognition
Kovács, L. N., Kocsel, N., Tóth, Z., Smahajcsik‐Szabó, T., Karsai, S., & Kökönyei, G. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-87335-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Michel‐Kröhler, A., & Berti, S. (2023) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2023.2205252 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Moreover, rumination can affect an individual’s well-being, mood, perceived strain, or individual performance (Kircanski et al., 2018; Krys et al., 2020; Krys, 2020; Lyubomirsky et al., 2003; Moberly & Watkins, 2010).”
BackgroundRumination: A Concept Analysis
Eguchi, M., & Kunikata, H. (2021) · Journal of Japan Academy of Nursing Science · doi:10.5630/jans.41.160 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Sci., Vol. 41, 2021 2）【ストレス負荷】 このカテゴリーは，重大な出来事（Kircanski et al., 2018）や日々のストレス（Catalino et al., 2017）など， 外部からの刺激や圧力による緊張状態により〈ストレ ス負荷〉が生じている状態である． 3）【客観視の不足】 このカテゴリーは，〈客観視の不足〉，〈否定的な解釈 傾向〉が含まれた．〈客観視の不足〉は，偏った判断を 避けながら自分の考えと感情を受容するアクセプタン スの低下（Catalino et al., 2017）が含まれた．〈否定的な…”
Munsamy, K., Walker, S. P., & McHugh, L. (2023) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/00812463231186340 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“This finding complements previous research highlighting rumination as a predictor of ED (Kircanski et al., 2018; Spinhoven et al., 2018), as well as being more strongly correlated with ED than worry and a better predictor of relapse in both anxiety and depression (Spinhoven et al.”
ResultRosenkranz, T., Takano, K., Watkins, E. R., & Ehring, T. W. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/nj73c · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kirchler, S. V., Müller, C., Spock, Z., Ehring, T. W., Kopf‐Beck, J., & Tamm, J. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104801 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
From thoughts to symptoms: The temporal and dimensional dynamics of rumination in depression
Kresinszky, L., Kheirkhah, M., Alizadeh, S., Shariatpanahi, B., Savić, V., & Jamalabadi, H. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120968 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Symptom Networks in Depression: Temporal Dynamics of Mood, Cognition, and Behavior During Treatment
Quaatz, S. M., Benz, S., Just, L., Vierl, L., Tamm, J., Egli, S., & Kopf‐Beck, J. (2026) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10709-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“At the same time, daily stressors have been observed to be followed by surges in rumination and worry with immediate affective costs (Kircanski et al., 2017), underscoring the value of temporal models that capture short-lived associations.”
Mohammadkhani, S., Akbari, M., West, A., Mazloom, M., & Gezloo, F. (2021) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-021-00422-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
한국판 스포츠 경쟁 반추 측정도구(K-SCRS)의 타당도 검증
심, 영., & 배, 준. (2024) · 한국체육학회지 · doi:10.23949/kjpe.2024.5.63.3.31 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Moshier, S. J., Solares, M. V., & Jamieson, K. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10603-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“We had expected that the increased rumination hypothesized to occur in more depressed individuals in the judgment induction group would be accompanied by increased sadness among these participants (e.g., Kircanski et al., 2018).”
Solene, D.-L., Mebazaa, C., Veal, C., Ribeiro, A. O., Boutron, I., Krause, K. R., Morvan, Y., & Chevance, A. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120387 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Three studies involved exclusively females (Kircanski et al., 2018; Maddever and Calhoun, 1986; Minaeva et al., 2021).”
Li, J. H., Lee, X. K., Qiu, L. S., Wong, J., Lau, W., Bryant, R. A., Lies, J., Liddell, B. J., & Jobson, L. (2026) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-026-10739-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nash, C. (2022) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid2100096 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Yet, it is insufficient to modulate fear-responses as prefrontal cortex activation can develop into either rumination (related to thinking about the past and one’s distress [36]) or worry (regarding potential negative outcomes in the future [37]) producing anxiety [38]—a future-oriented fear-response [33].”
BackgroundKoch, T., Liedl, A., Takano, K., & Ehring, T. W. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10274-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bolzenkötter, T., Bürkner, P., Zetsche, U., & Schulze, L. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/y4snz · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wenzel, M., & Rowland, Z. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kvh2g · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Domaradzka, E. (2019) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.24425/ppb.2019.126012
Qiao, L., Xu, S., Zhang, W.-R., Liu, S., & Lin, X.-Y. (2024) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2024.2395867
“The study involving clinical participants also found that rumination, rather than worry, was more susceptible to daily events and led to more significant changes in positive affect over time (Kircanski et al., 2018).”
Marsh, E. M., Taylor, M. M., & Snyder, H. R. (2025) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-025-10246-4
“Power analyses were based on an 80% response rate for EMA prompts and 20% “Yes” to stress event question based on past EMA literature (Kircanski et al., 2018 ; Rosenkranz et al., 2020 ), an estimated 50% stressors being dependent, and the removal of the first prompt each day.”
Goodboy, A. K., Dillow, M. R., Bolkan, S., Chiasson, R. M., & Vendemia, M. A. (2026) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqag001
Language of Perseverative Thoughts Predicts Emotion Regulation Strategy Choice
Zhu, Y.-Q., Trent, K., Garcia, B., & Thompson, R. J. (2026) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-026-00357-w
“As a robust risk factor for internalizing disorders and emotion dysregulation (e.g., Ruscio et al., 2011), PT can be counter-productive, as it repeatedly produces and sustains negative affect (Kircanski et al., 2018; Moberly & Watkins, 2008), to which individuals need to respond.”
Self-citationDevelopment and Validation of the Metacognitive Beliefs About Rumination Scale (MBRS)
Aydoğdu, U., & Tagay, Ö. (2026) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-026-00647-z
“Prolonged engagement in rumination is associated with disruptions in everyday functioning, including neglect of responsibilities, academic or occupational impairment, and social withdrawal (Kircanski et al., 2018).”
Luo, S., Zhu, Y., Luo, C., Luo, S., Li, Y., Cao, Y., & Zhang, G. (2026) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2026.2665669
Batra, S. (2026) · Journal of Construction Engineering and Management · doi:10.1061/jcemd4.coeng-17762
Thompson, M. B., Thomas, L. R., Schreiner, M. W., Kingston, N. H., Ollech, H., Kalotihos, L., Escobar, C., Wagh, U., Pazdera, M., Kaufman, E. A., et al. (2026) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941261464085
Herrera, J. A. M., Duplessis-Marcotte, F., & Gosselin, P. (2026) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2026.101022
Giovannini, J., Ranjbar, S., Glaus, J., Mürner-Lavanchy, I. M., Constanty, L., Plessen, K. J., & Urben, S. (2026) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.70183
“Prior ESM studies have shown that anger rumination co - occurs with negative affect and may predict worse mood later, which, in the present context, be reflected in irritability (Boemo et al., 2022; Kircanski, Thompson, et al., 2018).”
- Authors
- Kircanski, K., Thompson, R. J., Sorenson, J., Sherdell, L., & Gotlib, I. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kircanski, Katharina
- Venue
- Cognition and Emotion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-01-20
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1424-1436
- ISSN
- 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0600
- PMC
- PMC6218316
- OpenAlex
- W2577628171
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 7.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH096385, MH091831, MH059259)
- National Science Foundation (Graduate Research Fellowship)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Keywords
- rumination, worry, perseverative thinking, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, comorbid depression and anxiety, daily events, positive affect, negative affect, emotional dynamics, momentary affect, ecological momentary assessment
- MeSH terms
- Rumination, Cognitive, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Case-Control Studies, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
