The everyday emotional experience of adults with major depressive disorder: Examining emotional instability, inertia, and reactivity
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Investigators have begun to examine the temporal dynamics of affect in individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), focusing on instability, inertia, and reactivity of emotion. How these dynamics differ between individuals with MDD and healthy controls have not before been examined in a single study. In this study, 53 adults with MDD and 53 healthy adults carried hand-held electronic devices for approximately 7 days and were prompted randomly 8 times per day to report their levels of current negative affect (NA), positive affect (PA), and the occurrence of significant events. In terms of NA, compared with healthy controls, depressed participants reported greater instability and greater reactivity to positive events, but comparable levels of inertia and reactivity to negative events. Neither average levels of NA nor NA reactivity to, frequency or intensity of, events accounted for the group difference in instability of NA. In terms of PA, the MDD and control groups did not differ significantly in their instability, inertia, or reactivity to positive or negative events. These findings highlight the importance of emotional instability in MDD, particularly with respect to NA, and contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the everyday emotional experiences of depressed individuals.
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Compared to healthy participants, clinically depressed patients showed higher negative affect instability.
“Compared to healthy participants, clinically depressed patients showed higher NA instability”
From Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention for major depressive disorder: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [50]
Depressed patients showed a greater decrease in negative affect and increase in positive affect after a positive event compared to healthy participants.
“depressed patients showed a greater decrease in NA and increase in PA after a positive event”
From Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention for major depressive disorder: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [50]
Both depressed and healthy samples reported increased negative affect after a negative event.
“Both samples reported increased NA after a negative event”
From Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention for major depressive disorder: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [50]
No differences in positive affect instability were observed between clinically depressed patients and healthy participants.
“whereas no differences in PA instability were observed”
From Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention for major depressive disorder: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [50]
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“…for levels of rumination and worry, respectively, at the previous prompt (t-1); thus, results reflect changes in levels of rumination and worry following the occurrence of an event (consistent with the procedures of previous ESM studies examining reactivity to events; e.g., Thompson et al., 2012).”
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- Authors
- Thompson, R. J., Mata, J., Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., & Gotlib, I. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of Basel (CH)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Thompson, Renee J.
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 819-829
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- PMC
- PMC3624976
- OpenAlex
- W2164147370
- Cited by
- 292
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 15.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- MADOC (University of Mannheim) (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH59259, MH60655, MH74849)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Wi3496/41)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, neuroticism, emotional inertia, emotional reactivity, negative affect, positive affect
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Major Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Computers, Handheld
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