Spatial Abilities and Aging: A Meta-Analysis
Abstract
UNLABELLED: BACKGROUND/STUDY CONTEXT: Age-related effects in performance on spatial tasks have been well documented, with results suggesting a negative effect on performance in older samples. Although meta-analyses have been conducted examining performance on specific spatial tasks, it appears that data incorporating a variety of tasks have not yet been integrated into a single meta-analyses. METHODS: The present study examined age-related effects on spatial abilities in a multilevel meta-analysis of 137 effect sizes, drawn from 80 samples dated between 1958 and 2011. In addition to sample characteristics (education, year of publication, and age range), procedural factors (spatial ability category, spatial task, dependent variable, task setting, and medium of administration) were also considered. The standardized mean difference (Cohen's d) was used as the effect size measure in meta-analytic calculations. RESULTS: RESULTS revealed a large (mean d = 1.01) age-related decrease in spatial performance on psychometric tests. Specifically, older adults (mean age range = 63-79.5 years) performed worse on psychometric tests than younger adults (mean age range = 17-28.6 years). Interestingly, this age effect was unaffected by factors such as specific test, test category (mental rotation, spatial perception, or spatial visualization), timing conditions, and group or individual administration. However, measures of response time produced significantly larger effects of age than measures of accuracy on spatial performance. CONCLUSION: The present analysis demonstrates a clear pattern of negative age effects in spatial ability across the literature. Although these effects are unaffected by the specific spatial component under investigation or testing conditions, speed of processing was shown to be an important factor in spatial performance. The need to report more thoroughly on characteristics of young and old participants in future studies is also emphasized.
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Age differences in perceptual style, selective attention, and perceptual-motor reaction time
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Age Differences in the Speed of Cognitive Operations: Resolution of Inconsistent Findings
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Adults' mental rotation of spatial information: Effects of age, sex and cerebral laterality
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Mental Rotation of Faces in Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Disease
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The effects of age on perceptual problem-solving strategies
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Pigeon Pattern Perception: Limits on Perspective Invariance
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Can age-related deficits in spatial memory be attenuated through the use of verbal coding?
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Age differences in field-dependence/independence
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The relation between spatial and mathematical abilities: Potential factors underlying suppression
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Ageing and human-system errors in manufacturing: a scoping review
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Designing ICTs for Users with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Usability Study
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“Some studies propose linear navigation to avoid spatial disorientation when using websites [75].”
Background
- Authors
- Techentin, C., Voyer, D., & Voyer, S. D.
- Affiliations
- Mount Royal University (CA)
- University of New Brunswick (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Techentin, Cheryl
- Venue
- Experimental Aging Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-07-23
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 395-425
- ISSN
- 0361-073X (ISSN-L)
- 1096-4657
- OpenAlex
- W2028513193
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 1.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Experimental Aging Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- spatial ability, aging, age-related decline, older adults, mental rotation, spatial perception, spatial visualization, reaction time (psychology), processing speed, psychometric tests, cognitive aging
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aging, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Young Adult, Spatial Navigation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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