Goodwill: A reexamination of the construct and its measurement

“The primary outcome measured was VHC appearance quality measured as attractiveness (McCroskey and Teven, 1999).”

“Moreover, although expertise and trustworthiness are the core dimensions of source credibility (Self, 2009), McCroskey and Teven (1999) argued that goodwill (i.e. the degree to which a perceiver believes a sender has his or her best interests at heart) may play a role as a third dimension of source…”

“Credibility, trust, and quality were all used to some extent when the stimulus target was a website/system, with quality being more likely to be associated with website/system than with the other two concepts.”

“According to McCroskey and Teven (1999), source credibility is a multidimensional construct composed of competence, good will/caring, and trustworthiness.”

“Credibility of physician was measured with 18 items (e.g., trustworthy/untrustworthy) [4] ( Item M = 5.65, Item SD = .98, α =.95).”

“Assessments of appearance were attractiveness, eeriness, and humanness, and assessments of credibility were trustworthiness, competence, and goodwill (Ho & MacDorman, 2010; McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“Perceived power and credibility in the classroom have consistently emerged as principal contributors to positive student outcomes such as motivation to learn and cognitive and affective learning (Golish, 1999; McCroskey & Teven, 1999; Richmond, 1990; Roach, 1995; Roach, 1997; Teven & Herring, 2005).”

“A few secondary characteristics of source credibility identified in the literature include objectivity, dynamism, safety, sociability, goodwill or caring, and status or prestige (Applbaum & Anatol, 1973 ; Berlo, Lemert, & Mertz, 1969 ; Haley, 1996 ; McCroskey & Teven, 1999 ; Ohanian, 1990 ).”

“To measure students’ perception of instructor credibility, we used an established measure from the communication literature [18], changing some words to focus the respondent’s attention on the expertise of the instructor as a teacher rather than as a physicist.”

“McCroskey and Teven (1999) posited that credibility is animated by three dimensions: competence, trustworthiness, and goodwill.”

“In the psychological literature, psychologists have studied the consequences of insincere apologies as opposed to sincere ones [34, 35], and have also recorded that insincere gestures usually engender negative outcomes [36–39].”

“The items were adapted from McCroskey and Teven (1999) to form a 7-point semantic differential scale, such as “Intelligent _____ Unintelligent.””

“Seventh, we are potentially missing some questionnaires – a more comprehensive review might have revealed more relevant questionnaires, such as studies that focus on information credibility that may be related to trust (Renn and Levine, 1991; Fogg and Tseng, 1999; McCroskey and Teven, 1999).”

“Measures The Source Credibility scale by McCroskey and Teven (1999) was modified to measure the perceived credibility for the superior.”

“Similar to [53], we used the Generalized Belief Measure to determine recipients’ perception of the credibility of information content.”

“Moreover, one additional determinant of source credibility—attractiveness—has been identified by numerous scholars (Brann, Himes, & Leezer, 2010; Kamins, 1989; Kenton, 1989; McCrosky & Teven, 1999; Ohanian, 1990; Ohanian & Kertz, 1992).”

“McCroskey and Teven ( 1999 ) refined the factor structure and suggested that the factors of credibility are expertise, trustworthiness, and goodwill.”

“For adults, we assessed family demographics, health-seeking behaviors, screening behaviors, access to care, and their perception of the youth’s perceived goodwill [21].”

“(18 items) [13], social and task attraction (12 items) [14],”

“Perceptions of physician credibility were assessed using the McCroskey Source Credibility Scale (originally offered in 1966 and revisited by McCroskey & Teven, 1999 ).”

“Eighteen semantic differential items were adopted from a previously established measure by McCroskey and Teven (1999) (“unintelligent–intelligent,” “inexpert–expert,” “uninformed–informed”).”

“Another important impression, credibility, represents the quality, character, and intent of information coming from another person or entity (Fogg & Tseng, 1999; McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“Previous studies have shown that teacher credibility positively related to students’ academic performance (Gray et al., 2011; McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“Research since the 1950s has shown that to be considered credible, leader’s images should reflect competence, trustworthiness, and caring (Hovland, Janis, and Kelley 1953; McCroskey and Teven 1999; O’Keefe 1990; Perloff 2010; Garzia 2013).”

“Researchers have identified three dimensions to assess the credibility of human sources: competence, goodwill, and trustworthiness (McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“…was measured, as it has been in previous studies, using a 3- item scale that contained the constructs of competence, trustworthiness, and goodwill (Edwards et al. 2013; Johnson and Wiedenbeck 2009; Lin, Spence, and Lachlan 2016; McCroskey and Teven 1999; Westerman, Spence, and Van Der Heide 2014).”

“Scholars have emphasized various elements that form trust and credibility in messages, such as expertise and trustworthiness (Hovland & Weiss, 1951), competence and goodwill (McCroskey & Teven, 1999), believability and depth (Johnson & Kaye, 2009).”

“Teacher credibility is defined as whether students perceive their instructor as believable or not (McCroskey, 1992) and encompasses three dimensions: competence, caring, and trustworthiness (McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“Credibility refers to the degree to which a communicator is rated highly in trustworthiness, competence, and caring (Myers & Martin, 2017; McCroskey & Teven, 1999; Teven & Katt, 2016).”

“…between the two physicians’ biographies, participants also completed scales of likeability adapted from McCroskey and McCain (1974) (α = .976), as well as trustworthiness (α = .952), expertise (α = .963), and attractiveness (α = .893) adapted from McCroskey and Teven (1999) and Ohanian (1990).”

“…modern extension of Aristotle’s ethos, was for many years measured on two dimensions (competence and trustworthiness) until advanced factor analysis techniques allowed McCroskey and Teven (1999) to devise a reliable measure for the third dimension of ethos proffered by Aristotle: goodwill=caring.”

“McCroskey and Teven (1999) state that, generally, theorists have agreed that there is a dimension of ‘competence’ (qualification, expertness, intelligence, authoritativeness), another of ‘trustworthiness’ (character, sagacity, safety, honesty), and the third dimension has been ignored.”

“The perceived credibility of the petitioner (human or Pepper robot) was measured with 18 items (e.g., trustworthy/untrustworthy) [8] ( Item M = 4.99, Item SD = .85, α = .91) on 7-point scales.”

“Trustworthiness, or the perception of trust, is in fl uenced by the amount of competence , benevolence , and integrity displayed by the individual or organization to be trusted (McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“…(Pro-chazka & Schweiger, 2019) or – as highlighted by Yale et al. (2015) – potentially even one-dimensional in essence (for related factor solutions from other fi elds like trust in scientists and studies foregrounding trust antecedents, see, e.g. Besley et al., 2021; McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“Credibility is composed of three dimensions: competence (perceived knowledge), character (honesty and trustworthiness), and caring (concern for students) (McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“To check our manipulation of source expertise, we asked participants to evaluate the source on six 7-point semanticdifferential items adapted from McCroskey and Teven (1999): (a) “Untrained” to “Trained,” (b) “Inexpert” to “Expert,” (c) “Incompetent” to “Competent,” (d) “Unintelligent” to…”

“Communication credibility refers to the competence (expertise), goodwill (caring), and trustworthiness (character) of the communicator (McCroskey & Teven, 1999) and is described as the “attitude toward a source of communication held at a given time by a communicator” (McCroskey & Young, 1981, p.…”

“8,11 Instead ofengineeringrobot performance, this research focuses on engineering HRT through messages that people receive. p712) This conceptualization differs from trustworthiness, 13 which relates to the idea of source morality.”

“Source Credibility and Information Credibility Past literature has looked at source credibility as a multidimensional construct including competence, trustworthiness, and goodwill (McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“Instructor credibility is a multi-dimensional construct comprised of three dimensions: competence, character, and caring (McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“Students who perceive their teachers as highly credible report increased cognitive learning (McCroskey & Teven, 1999), motivation, and affective learning (Pogue & AhYun, 2006).”

“The items for the scale of source credibility are taken from McCroskey & Teven (1999); Bhattacherjee & Sanford (2006) and modified in the present context.”

“For the dependent variables, adaptations of the Measure of Source Credibility Scale (McCroskey & Teven, 1999) and the Online Teaching Effectiveness Scale (Reyes-Fournier et al., 2020) were utilized to assess perceived instructor credibility and perceived teaching effectiveness, respectively.”

“Initially, instructor statements of credibility developed out of the original conceptual definitions and the items from the self-report measure of credibility (McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“There are three dimensions of faculty credibility: competence and expertise, character and trustworthiness, and caring (Finn & Ledbetter, 2013; McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“This reasoning may account for the additional dimension of goodwill that has been shown to reflect a dimension of source credibility (McCroskey & Teven, 1999): People consider not only the expertise and trustworthiness of sources, but also the degree to which sources have the targets’ best…”

“Competence refers to perceptions of a source’s expertness, intelligence, and qualification, and trustworthiness includes perceptions of the source’s character and honesty (McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“The main factor of JURNAL MANAJEMEN DAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN, VOL. 23, NO. 2, SEPTEMBER 2021: 186–196 188 credibility is knowledge, experience, trustworthiness and goodwill possessed by the source (McCroskey & Teven, 1999; Sokolova & Kefi, 2020).”

“Other students may question the accuracy and reliability of overly positive feedback, which undermines the credibility of the teacher and their feedback (McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“…have been mainstays in the credibility literature for more than 30 years, research has recently included other potentially relevant credibility determinants, such as caring, goodwill, and approachability (McCrosky and Teven 1999; Porter, Wrench, and Hoskinson 2007; Smith and McCanger 2004).”

“The Credibility Scale (McCroskey & Teven, 1999) was designed to assess source credibility on the three scales competence, trustworthiness, and goodwill.”

“The Measure of Source Credibility [11] was used to measure the effect of and accuracy on people’s perceived credibility of the navigation system.”