Goodwill: A reexamination of the construct and its measurement

“…credibility, defined as ‘‘the attitude toward a source of communication held at a given time by a communicator’’ (McCroskey & Young, 1981, p. 24), is composed of three dimensions: competence (expertise), character (trustworthiness), and caring (McCroskey & Teven, 1999; Teven & McCroskey, 1997).”

“Source trustworthiness is considered as one dimension of perceived source credibility (McCroskey and Teven 1999) and refers to the confidence in the influencer by the followers as a result of the display of perceived honesty, integrity, and believability of the influencer (Sokolova and Kefi 2020;…”

“Student ratings of teacher credibility were measured using McCroskey and Teven’s (1999) ethos/credibility scale.”

“Credibility was measured by two items that were derived from the McCroskey and Teven Credibility Scale (McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“As scholars have examined ethos in classroom research, they have conceptualized teacher credibility in three dimensions: competence, trustworthiness, and caring (McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“robot to be very genuine would also find it to have high goodwill as demonstrated in HHI [24].”

“Perceived character includes belief that the source is acting in “good will” or has the receiver’s interests at heart (McCroskey and Teven, 1999), and has been labeled “faith” (Renn and Levine, 1991), “caring” (Kasperson et al.”

“And, goodwill represents the students’ perceptions of the teacher’s tendency to be caring of students’ best interests by (McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“For example, [20] uses questionnaires that study service relationships [13], and geographically distributed human teams [43]; [11] uses a questionnaire about good will between people [23]; [31] uses a questionnaire about dyadic human-human interaction [15]; and [5] uses a questionnaire about group trust [1].”

“Traditional credibility measurement research focused on people rather than news (e.g., McCroskey & Teven, 1999) demonstrates that when individuals evaluate the credibility of another person, they are able to consistently differentiate between various dimensions of credibility, including expertise,…”

“…credibility of the source of a message: trustworthiness (the perception that a person will tell the truth if they know it), expertise/competence (the perception that a person knows the truth) and goodwill/caring (the perception that a person cares about the perceiver) (McCroskey and Teven, 1999).”

“For the outcome of credibility, the present study utilized a three-dimensional conceptualization by McCroskey and Teven (1999), comprising competence (expertise), trustworthiness (honesty), and goodwill (concern toward others).”

“The Teacher Caring Scale is a six-item, seven-point bipolar scale that asks respondents to indicate their perceptions of their instructor’s level of caring.”

“Past research has shown that source credibility matters in interpersonal persuasion (McCroskey, 1966; McCroskey & Teven, 1999) and Web use and evaluation (Metzger, Flanagin, Eyal, Lemus, & McCann, 2003).”

“McCroskey and Teven [40] focused on competence, goodwill and trustworthiness.”

“The Measure of Source Credibility (McCroskey & Teven, 1999) is an 18-item instrument designed to assess perceptions of an individual’s credibility across the three dimensions of competence (6 items; e.g., ‘‘intelligent/unintelligent’’), character (6 items; e.g., ‘‘trustworthy/untrustworthy’’), and…”

“This scale was adopted from McCroskey and Teven (1999) and modified for the context of this study.”

“The survey composed of three scales: (a) the Motivating Language Scale (MLS; J. Mayfield et al., 1995), (b) the Behavioral Integrity Scale (Dineen et al., 2006), and (c) the Source Credibility Scale (McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“…early theoreticians (e.g. Hovland and Weiss, 1951) identified source credibility under the rubric of trustworthiness, along with expertise, more recent research (e.g. McCroskey and Teven, 1999) added goodwill (or caring) as a third, distinct factor influencing social persuasion and attitude change.”

“Model 1 portrays the three credibility dimensions (competence, trustworthiness, and goodwill) as separate but parallel dimensions (McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“Credibility refers to positive perceptions a recipient has toward a source of information at a particular time [128], specifically in terms of three sub-dimensions trustworthiness, expertise, and goodwill [127].”

“McCroskey and Teven (1999) noted that instructor credibility is composed of three dimensions: competence, character, and caring.”

“A number of studies have established that higher credibility is important to creating more persuasive messages, including instructional messages (McCroskey & Teven, 1999; McCroskey & Young, 1981).”

“The tradition of the concept lies in Aristotle’s ethos, which referred to the intelligence, character, and goodwill of the communicator (McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“Consistent with communication‐based measures of source credibility, we delineated credibility into three distinct factors (McCroskey and Teve 1999 ) – trustworthiness (being perceived as genuine and ethical), goodwill (the extent to which a person feels the other has their best interest at heart), and competence (know…”

“…is equally understood to result from a function of the degree to which the potential trustor believes the scientific source is competent (i.e. high ability), has goodwill toward the audience member (i.e. benevolence), and is trustworthy (i.e. high in integrity) (McCroskey and Teven, 1999).”

“For instance, instructional researchers have already revealed the importance of behaviors such as immediacy, caring, credibility, and relevance in the classroom (e.g., Frymier & Shulman, 1995; McCroskey & Teven, 1999; Richmond, Gorham, & McCroskey; Teven, 2007).”

“measure which assessed users’ impressions of competence, goodwill, and trustworthiness of the agent [31].”

“Source credibility consists of three primary dimensions: competence, trustworthiness, and goodwill/caring (McCroskey & Teven, 1999; Teven & McCroskey, 1997).”

“To measure the general practitioner’s perceived ethos or credibility, use was made of a bipolar scale developed by McCroskey and Teven (1999).”

“Nevertheless, a few other studies have used simple descriptions of the same source to manipulate the construct – for example, describing a source as honest, sincere, and trustworthy versus devious, calculating, and self-centered to control for trustworthiness (McGinnies & Ward, 1980).”

“However, other researchers have argued for a third dimension, goodwill, which refers to whether a source has the receiver’s best interests at heart [53, 59].”

“Source credibility was measured utilizing McCroskey and Trevens (1999)”

“Overall, theorists generally agree that two dimensions are key to source credibility ( McCroskey and Teven, 1999”

“The page manipulated the recency of the updates on the page (at the point in time the page was being viewed by participants), and participants responded to a measure of cognitive elaboration (Perse, 1990), source credibility (McCroskey & Teven, 1999) and information seeking.”

“Conceptualizations of trustworthiness generally include criteria such as fair and unbiased reporting (Gaziano & McGrath, 1986; McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“Guided by McCroskey and Teven ’ s (1999) credibility scale, after receiving the stimuli participants were asked about their perceived credibility towards The Washington Post and AIM .”

“Three dimensions comprise instructor credibility: competence, character, and caring (McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“The competence dimension of credibility was measured using the competence section of the three-factor (competence, trustworthiness, goodwill) scale created by McCroskey and Teven (1999).”

“…their work, a number of additional dimensions like dynamism, objectivity, and goodwill have been discussed (e.g. Berlo, Lemert, and Mertz 1969; McCroskey and Teven 1999; Whitehead 1968), but expertise and trustworthiness still are the ‘ key dimensions ’ of credibility (Choi and Stvilia 2015,…”

“Building on classic Aristotelian claims, McCroskey and Teven (1999) argue source credibility is a latent construct consisting of three dimensions: credibility, trustworthiness, and goodwill.”

“Credibility is a foundation for successful influence (Hovland, Janis, & Kelley, 1953; Kouzes & Posner, 1993; McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“Over the years, nomenclature designating the three dimensions of instructor credibility has evolved from expertise, trust, and character (Hovland, Janis, & Kelley, 1953) to competence, trustworthiness, and caring (McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“…credibility has been studied extensively in communications and counseling research (e.g., Chaiken & Maheswaran, 1994; Hovland & Weiss, 1951; McCroskey & Teven, 1999; McCroskey & Young, 1981; Pornpitakpan, Psychology in the Schools DOI: 10.1002/pits Author Proof4 Won et al.2004; Tormala,…”

“Trustworthiness dimension of source credibility was measured with six items from McCroskey and Teven (1999) using 7-point semantic differential scales ( α = .974) (e.g. “ dishonest ” (1), “ honest ” (7); “ untrustworthy ” (1), “ trustworthy ” (7)).”

“The validity of the ethos/credibility measure is welldocumented (Finn et al., 2009), as is the internal reliability of the scale, with previous alpha coefficients ranging from .84 to .92 for all three dimensions (McCroskey & Teven, 1999; Schrodt, 2003; Schrodt & Finn, 2011).”

“Source credibility was measured using five 7-point semantic differential questions and included questions such as asking whether the source of the message was “inexpert/expert” (McCroskey & Teven, 1999, M = 4.76, SD = 1.11, α = 92).”

“This combination reflects the physician credibility concept documented in literature, which encompasses three dimensions: character (trust), competence (expertise), and caring [38,39].”

“McCroskey and Teven (1999) argued that goodwill consists of three elements: understanding, empathy, and responsiveness.”

“…and subordinate satisfaction and concluded that the factors most conducive to employee motivation and job satisfaction are: supportive supervisors who exhibit high levels of competence, trustworthiness, and fairness, which is similar to the credibility scheme created by McCroskey and Teven (1999).”

“McCroskey’s (1966; McCroskey & Teven, 1999) measure was used to assess communicator credibility.”

“Early definitions of credibility characterize it as a mixture of competence, trustworthiness, and goodwill (McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“To evaluate whether collocated participants would be perceived differently than remote participants in the critical areas of competence and trust, we chose two scale measures from McCroskey [21].”

“…of scientists’ perceived understanding, integrity, and agreement, “trustworthiness” (honesty, believability), concern (for the public’s best interest), (McCroskey & Teven, 1999), and “goodwill” (bias, motivation) (Teven, 2008; Horton et al., 2016; Pechar et al. 2018; Beall et al., 2018).”

“…typically comprised of perceptions of authority, expertise, trustworthiness, and character, among other conceptions, (Kumkale & Albarracin, 2004; McCroskey & Teven, 1999; Teven & McCroskey, 1997), and has also been studied from an organizational perspective (Metzger, Flanagin, Eyal, Lemus, &…”

“trustworthiness dimension scale developed as part of an overall measure of communicator credibility [66].”

“For the treatment check, participants were asked to evaluate the source credibility of the news outlet (e.g. “the media brand is trustworthy,” 5 items, α = .95, McCroskey and Teven, 1999).”

“After students read the scenario, they completed the Measure of Source Credibility scale (McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“Key to the dimension of goodwill is the degree and accuracy of the employee’s perception of the leader’s intent (McCroskey and Teven 1999).”

“It is likely that, in some may view the assessment of perceived credibility as a limitation, conceptualizations of credibility indicate that it is, inherently, a perception of a source’s credibility (J. C. McCroskey, 2006; J. C. McCroskey & Teven, 1999).”

“Prior literature establishes three key antecedents of credibility namely, trustworthiness, expertise and physical attractiveness (Hovland & Weiss, 1951; McCroskey & Teven, 1999; McGinnies & Ward, 1980; Widgery, 1974).”

“For example, McCroskey and Teven (1999) defined source credibility as encompassing the dimensions of competence, trustworthiness, and goodwill.”