The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of Whey Protein and Resistance Exercise on Body Composition: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present meta-analysis was to examine the effect of whey protein (WP), with or without resistance exercise, on body weight and body composition in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in generally healthy adult study populations. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify RCTs that investigated WP (concentrate, isolate, or hydrolystate) and body weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat, lean body mass (LBM), fat-free mass (FFM), and waist circumference. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted to generate weighted group mean differences (WGMD) for between-group comparisons (WP vs other protein sources or carbohydrates) and within-WP group comparisons (i.e., differences from baseline to trial end). Studies were classified into 2 distinct groups-WP as a supplement without dietary modification (WPS) and WP as a replacement for other sources of calories (WPR)-and were meta-analyzed separately. Subgroup analyses included examining the effect of resistance exercise and type of WP on the relationship between WP and body composition. RESULTS: Fourteen RCTs were included, with a total of 626 adult study completers. Five studies examined the effects of WPR and the remaining 9 studies examined the effects of WPS. Body weight (WGMD: -4.20 kg, 95% confidence interval [CI], -7.67, -0.73) and body fat (WGMD: -3.74 kg, 95% CI, -5.98, -1.50) were significantly decreased from baseline in the WPR within-group analyses. In the between-group analyses, the effects of WP were more favorable when compared with carbohydrates than protein sources other than whey, although findings did not reach statistical significance. Results from the subgroup analyses indicated a statistically significant increase in LBM (WGMD: 2.24 kg, 95% CI, 0.66, 3.81) among studies that included a resistance exercise component along with WP provision. CONCLUSION: The current body of literature supports the use of WP, either as a supplement combined with resistance exercise or as part of a weight loss or weight maintenance diet, to improve body composition parameters.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This lack of agreement on the efficacy of protein supplementation6–12 is likely due to the use of divergent study inclusion criteria and inclusion of subjects with differing: ages, training statuses, total protein intakes, protein sources and protein doses.”
In the citing paper
“Previous systemic reviews have shown nonsignificant effects on changes in muscle mass [20,69], muscle strength [20], and physical mobility [19] in response to PS + MSE for elderly adults who mostly were healthy or not frail.”
In the citing paper
“Previous systematic reviews have demonstrated nonsignificant effects on changes in body weight [21,71,87], muscle mass [19,87], muscle strength [19], and physical mobility [20] in response to PS plus RET among older adults who mostly were healthy or nonfrail.”
From Effects of Protein Supplementation Combined with Exercise Intervention on Frailty Indices, Body Composition, and Physical Function in Frail Older Adults (2018) · cites this paper as [87]
Citations
Cites
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series
(2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470712184 · Cited by 25,048
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.1. The Cochrane Collaboration
Higgins, J., Green, S. R., & Higgins, J. (2008) · Cited by 5,544
Development of AMSTAR: A measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews
Shea, B. J., Grimshaw, J. M., Wells, G. A., Boers, M., Andersson, N., Hamel, C., Porter, A. C., Tugwell, P., Moher, D., & Bouter, L. M. (2007) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-7-10 · Cited by 4,374
Publication Bias in Meta‐Analysis: Prevention, Assessment and Adjustments
(2005) · doi:10.1002/0470870168 · Cited by 2,368
Hall, W. L., Millward, D. J., Long, S. J., & Morgan, L. (2003) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn2002760 · Cited by 735
Wycherley, T. P., Moran, L. J., Clifton, P. M., Noakes, M., & Brinkworth, G. D. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.044321 · Cited by 606
Relationship of fruit and vegetable intake with adiposity: a systematic review
Ledoux, T. A., Hingle, M. D., & Baranowski, T. (2010) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00786.x · Cited by 484
Noakes, M., Keogh, J. B., Foster, P. R., & Clifton, P. M. (2005) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.6.1298 · Cited by 483
Dreyer, H. C., Drummond, M. J., Pennings, B., Fujita, S., Glynn, E. L., Chinkes, D. L., Dhanani, S., Volpi, E., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00582.2007 · Cited by 447
Effects of Dietary Composition on Energy Expenditure During Weight-Loss Maintenance
Ebbeling, C. B., Swain, J. F., Feldman, H. A., Wong, W. W., Hachey, D. L., Garcia-Lago, E., & Ludwig, D. S. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.6607 · Cited by 431
Hession, M., Rolland, C., Kulkarni, U., Wise, A., & Broom, J. I. (2008) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2008.00518.x · Cited by 408
The Rate of Protein Digestion affects Protein Gain Differently during Aging in Humans
Dangin, M., Guillet, C., Garcia‐Rodenas, C., Gachon, P., Bouteloup‐Demange, C., Reiffers‐Magnani, K., Fauquant, J., Ballèvre, O., & Beaufrère, B. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.036897 · Cited by 395
Burd, N. A., Tang, J. E., Moore, D. R., & Phillips, S. M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91351.2008 · Cited by 390
Churchward‐Venne, T. A., Burd, N. A., Mitchell, C. J., West, D. W. D., Philp, A., Marcotte, G. R., Baker, S. K., Baar, K., & Phillips, S. M. (2012) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.228833 · Cited by 314
Bowen, J., Noakes, M., Trenerry, C., & Clifton, P. M. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1856 · Cited by 314
Influence of the Protein Digestion Rate on Protein Turnover in Young and Elderly Subjects
Dangin, M., Boirie, Y., Guillet, C., & Beaufrère, B. (2002) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/131.10.3228s · Cited by 312
Effects of dairy intake on body weight and fat: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Chen, M., Pan, A., Malik, V. S., & Hu, F. B. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.037119 · Cited by 283
New functions for amino acids: effects on gene transcription and translation
Kimball, S. R., & Jefferson, L. S. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.2.500s · Cited by 279
Pal, S., Ellis, V., & Dhaliwal, S. S. (2010) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114510000991 · Cited by 271
Anderson, G. H., Tecimer, S. N., Shah, D., & Zafar, T. A. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.11.3011 · Cited by 270
Improving the Use of Research Evidence in Guideline Development
Oxman, A. D., Schünemann, H. J., Fretheim, A., Boyd, E. A., Bero, L. A., & Edejer, T. T.-T. (2007) · BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) · Cited by 259
Phillips, S. M., Tang, J. E., & Moore, D. R. (2009) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2009.10718096 · Cited by 243
Burke, D. G., Chilibeck, P. D., Davison, K. S., Candow, D. C., Farthing, J., & Smith-Palmer, T. (2001) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.11.3.349 · Cited by 193
(2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5614-7_434 · Cited by 189
Maximizing muscle protein anabolism: the role of protein quality
Tang, J. E., & Phillips, S. M. (2009) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e32831cef75 · Cited by 178
Cribb, P. J., Williams, A. D., Carey, M. F., & Hayes, A. (2006) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.16.5.494 · Cited by 177 · cited 3×
“without dietary modification and body fat, 6 reported a decrease [26,28,32,34,36,37], one found no difference [30], and 2 reported increases [27,29] from baseline to trial end (Fig.”
BackgroundDougkas, A., Reynolds, C. K., Givens, D. I., Elwood, P. C., & Minihane, A. M. (2011) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s095442241000034x · Cited by 174
Baer, D. J., Stote, K. S., Paul, D. R., Harris, G. K., Rumpler, W. V., & Clevidence, B. A. (2011) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.111.139840 · Cited by 169
Effects of Whey Isolate, Creatine, and Resistance Training on Muscle Hypertrophy
CRIBB, P. J., WILLIAMS, A. D., STATHIS, C. G., CAREY, M. F., & HAYES, A. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000247002.32589.ef · Cited by 165
Dietary protein and resistance training effects on muscle and body composition in older persons
Campbell, W. W., & Leidy, H. J. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2007.10719650 · Cited by 148
Application of Systematic Review Methodology to the Field of Nutrition
Lichtenstein, A. H., Yetley, E. A., & Lau, J. (2008) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.108.097154 · Cited by 146
Claessens, M., van Baak, M. A., Monsheimer, S., & Saris, W. H. M. (2009) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.278 · Cited by 132
Whole grain intake in relation to body weight: From epidemiological evidence to clinical trials
Giacco, R., Pepa, G. D., Luongo, D., & Riccardi, G. (2011) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2011.07.003 · Cited by 117
Oxman, A. D., Schünemann, H. J., & Fretheim, A. (2006) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/1478-4505-4-20 · Cited by 116
Mojtahedi, M. C., Thorpe, M. P., Karampinos, D. C., Johnson, C. L., Layman, D. K., Georgiadis, J. G., & Evans, E. M. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glr120 · Cited by 116
Demling, R. H., & DeSanti, L. (2000) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000012817 · Cited by 108
Stark, M., Lukaszuk, J. M., Prawitz, A. D., & Salacinski, A. J. (2012) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-54 · Cited by 90
Keogh, J. B., & Clifton, P. M. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.6.1602 · Cited by 86
Eliot, K. A., Knehans, A. W., Bemben, D. A., Witten, M. S., Carter, J., & Bemben, M. G. (2008) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/bf02982622 · Cited by 78
Issues related to the conduct of systematic reviews: a focus on the nutrition field
Moher, D., & Tricco, A. C. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26255 · Cited by 73
Resistance training with soy vs whey protein supplements in hyperlipidemic males
DeNysschen, C. A., Burton, H. W., Horvath, P. J., Leddy, J. J., & Browne, R. W. (2009) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-6-8 · Cited by 65
Moeller, L. E., Peterson, C. T., Hanson, K. B., Dent, S. B., Lewis, D. S., King, D. S., & Alekel, D. L. (2003) · Menopause · doi:10.1097/01.gme.0000054763.94658.fd · Cited by 58
Weinheimer-Haus, E. M., Conley, T. B., Kobza, V. M., Sands, L. P., Lim, E., Janle, E. M., & Campbell, W. W. (2012) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.111.153619 · Cited by 58
Dietary Whey Protein Decreases Food Intake and Body Fat in Rats
Zhou, J., Keenan, M. J., Losso, J. N., Raggio, A. M., Shen, L., McCutcheon, K. L., Tulley, R. T., Blackman, M. R., & Martin, R. J. (2011) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.14 · Cited by 57
Weisgarber, K. D., Candow, D. G., & Vogt, E. S. M. (2012) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.6.463 · Cited by 38
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Dougkas A, 2011, Nutr Res Rev, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Future Protein Supply and Demand: Strategies and Factors Influencing a Sustainable Equilibrium
Henchion, M., Hayes, M., Mullen, A., Fenelon, M., & Tiwari, B. (2017) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods6070053 · Cited by 1,519
Morton, R. W., Murphy, K. T., McKellar, S. R., Schoenfeld, B. J., Henselmans, M., Helms, E., Aragon, A. A., Devries, M. C., Banfield, L., Krieger, J. W., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608 · Cited by 1,269
“This lack of agreement on the efficacy of protein supplementation 6–12 is likely due to the use of divergent study inclusion criteria and inclusion of subjects with differing: ages, training statuses, total protein intakes, protein sources and protein doses.”
BackgroundMethodSupplemental Protein in Support of Muscle Mass and Health: Advantage Whey
Devries, M. C., & Phillips, S. M. (2015) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12802 · Cited by 355
Liao, C.-D., Tsauo, J.-Y., Wu, Y.-T., Cheng, C.-P., Chen, H.-C., Huang, Y.-C., Chen, H.-C., & Liou, T.-H. (2017) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.143594 · Cited by 317
Zdzieblik, D., Oesser, S., Baumstark, M. W., Gollhofer, A., & König, D. (2015) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114515002810 · Cited by 269
Metadata
- Authors
- Miller, P. E., Alexander, D. D., & Perez, V.
- Affiliations
- Exponent (United States) (US)
- ORCID
- Miller, Paige E.
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-03-04
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 163-175
- ISSN
- 0731-5724 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-1087
- OpenAlex
- W2117969485
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 1.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Keywords
- whey protein, resistance training, body composition, body weight, fat mass, lean body mass, fat-free mass, waist circumference, protein supplementation, weight loss, weight maintenance, protein hydrolysates, protein isolates, whey protein concentrate, dietary substitution
- MeSH terms
- Whey Proteins, Body Composition, Humans, Milk Proteins, Weight Loss, Exercise, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Dietary Supplements, Resistance Training
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
