The Role of Milk- and Soy-Based Protein in Support of Muscle Protein Synthesis and Muscle Protein Accretion in Young and Elderly Persons
Abstract
The balance between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB) is dependent on protein consumption and the accompanying hyperaminoacidemia, which stimulates a marked rise in MPS and mild suppression of MPB. In the fasting state, however, MPS declines sharply and MPB is increased slightly. Ultimately, the balance between MPS and MPB determines the net rate of muscle growth. Accretion of new muscle mass beyond that of normal growth can occur following periods of intense resistance exercise. Such muscle accretion is an often sought-after goal of athletes. There needs to be, however, an increased appreciation of the role that preservation of muscle can play in offsetting morbidities associated with the sarcopenia of aging, such as type 2 diabetes and declines in metabolic rate that can lead to fat mass accumulation followed by the onset or progression of obesity. Emerging evidence shows that consumption of different types of proteins can have different stimulatory effects on the amplitude and possibly duration that MPS is elevated after feeding; this may be particularly significant after resistance exercise. This effect may be due to differences in the fundamental amino acid composition of the protein (i.e., its amino acid score) and its rate of digestion. Milk proteins, specifically casein and whey, are the highest quality proteins and are quite different in terms of their rates of digestion and absorption. New data suggest that whey protein is better able to support MPS than is soy protein, a finding that may explain the greater ability of whey protein to support greater net muscle mass gains with resistance exercise. This review focuses on evidence showing the differences in responses of MPS, and ultimately muscle protein accretion, to consumption of milk- and soy-based supplemental protein sources in humans.
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Milk-derived proteins (whey, casein) were both more efficient for improving muscle protein anabolism than soy proteins.
“Milk-derived proteins (whey, casein) were both more efficient for improving muscle protein anabolism than soy proteins.198”
From Evidence-Based Recommendations for Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Older People: A Position Paper From the PROT-AGE Study Group (2013) · cites this paper as [198]
Differences in absorption kinetics and the subsequent impact on muscle protein metabolism extend beyond the degree of hydrolysis and amino acid profiles.
“differences in absorption kinetics, and the subsequent impact on muscle protein metabolism appear to extend beyond the degree of hydrolysis and amino acid profiles [69, 86, 90–92].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [92]
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- Authors
- Phillips, S. M., Tang, J. E., & Moore, D. R.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Phillips, Stuart M.
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 343-354
- ISSN
- 0731-5724 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-1087
- OpenAlex
- W2037554068
- Cited by
- 243
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- muscle protein synthesis, muscle protein accretion, whey protein, soy protein, milk protein, casein, resistance training, sarcopenia, aging, amino acid score, hyperaminoacidemia, muscle protein degradation, protein supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Humans, Milk Proteins, Muscle Proteins, Protein Biosynthesis, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements, Soybean Proteins, Sarcopenia
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