“A good wife brings her husband bath water”: Gender roles and water practices in Nampula, Mozambique.

Inadequate water provision and collection behaviors were reported to influence intimate partner violence, including violence from husbands for not providing water for bathing, not having water in the home, going to cleaner water sources considered too far, not preparing food on time, or attending water-focused community meetings.

“Inadequate water provision and collection behaviors were reported to influence intimate partner violence [26,75,101,108,111,153,165,179,198,231,260,264,266].Women reported violence from husbands if they did not provide water for bathing needs (Kenya, [198] Ethiopia, [108] Vietnam, [111] Cameroon [231]), did not have water in the home (East Africa [179]), went to cleaner water sources considered”

Fear and experiences of sexual violence were reported by women and girls who had to leave home for water and sanitation needs; women openly defecating were particularly vulnerable to non-partner sexual violence compared to those using latrines.

“Fear and experiences of sexual violence were reported by women and girls who had to leave home for water and sanitation needs (_((((xxx))))_)[70, 76, 108, 123, 135, 143, 153, 171, 173-175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 184, 186-189, 191, 198, 214, 231, 233, 238-240, 255, 258, 259, 261, 265, 268-270] Research from India, [181, 268] Kenya, [269] and Nigeria [70] found women openly defecating were particularly”

Related to water, walking long distances and collecting from certain sources reportedly exposed women and girls to sexual violence, particularly as men studied women's patterns.

“Related to water, walking long distances and collecting from certain sources reportedly exposed women and girls to sexual violence, [76,153,179,231,258,259] particularly as men studied women's patterns [179].”

Women formed and maintained social connections when collecting water and relied on social capital from family, friends, and community members for multiple water needs; they leveraged social capital to access water when queues were long or water was scarce, jump water queues, get water from private wells, haul water using carts, receive improved home water access, wait on water deliveries, or get

“Women formed and maintained social connections when collecting water [57,78,110,115,153,279] and relied on social capital from family, friends, and community members for multiple water needs.They leveraged social capital to access water when queues were long or water was scarce, [61,110,114,164,165,179,198,279] jump water queues, [168, 179] get water from private wells, [279] haul water using”

Men were more likely to collect from closer sources, where queues were shorter or they had priority access, or with assets like bicycles, motorcycles, wheelbarrows, or donkey carts to assist.

“Men were more likely to collect from closer sources, [20] where queues were shorter [153, 261] or they had priority access, [61] or with assets like bicycles, motorcycles, wheelbarrows, or donkey carts to assist [98,123,153,258].”

Providing sufficient water for the household was described as important to being a good wife.

“Providing sufficient water for the household was described as important to being a good wife; failure to do so has resulted in shame and violence [153,179,273].”

Committees with women have divided roles along gendered lines, with men in powerful positions, like president, and women in less powerful positions, like cleaner.

“Committees with women have divided roles along gendered lines, with men in powerful positions, like president, and women in less powerful positions, like cleaner [83,153].”

Failure to provide sufficient water for the household has resulted in shame and violence.

“Providing sufficient water for the household was described as important to being a good wife; failure to do so has resulted in shame and violence [153,179,273].”

In Mozambique, Kenya, and Vanuatu, initiatives reduced conflict between husbands and wives.

“reduced conflict between husbands and wives (Mozambique [153], Kenya, [88] and Vanuatu [26]);”