A Genetic Study of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Conduct Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Reading Disability: Aetiological overlaps and implications
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) commonly co‐occurs with Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder and Reading Disability. Twin studies are an important approach to understanding and modelling potential causes of such comorbidity. Univariate and bivariate genetic models were fitted to maternal report data from 2040 families of twins from the Australian Twin ADHD Project. All measures showed a heritability of over 0.8 and little role for the common family environment, except for the combined subtype of ADHD with a heritability of 0.69 and a common environment of 0.19. About one‐third of the genetic variance in ADHD was shared with the other behaviours, the largest overlap being with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Common environmental effects were shared between the combined ADHD subtype and the other measures. Some implications of these findings for home and school are discussed.
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The covariation between ADHD, ODD, and CD is mostly attributed to genetic influences.
“The covariation between ADHD, ODD, and CD is mostly attributed to genetic in fl uences”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Martin, Levy, Pieka, & Hay, 2006
In males, the prevalence of ADHD is higher, at a ratio of approximately 2:1 compared to females.
“In male, the prevalence of ADHD is higher, at a ratio of approximately 2:1 when compared to female”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Martin et al., 2006
CD is strongly associated with the impulsive form of ADHD (ADHD-HI), but exhibits a weaker relationship with the inattentive form (ADHD-I), with shared genetic heritability of 37% and 35%, respectively.
“CD is strongly associated with the impulsive form of the attention de fi cit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD-HI), but exhibits a weaker relationship with the inattentive form (ADHD-I), with shared genetic hereditability being 37% and 35%, respectively”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Martin et al., 2006
ODD exhibits shared heritability of 42% with ADHD-HI.
“Regarding ODD, it exhibits shared hereditability of 42% with ADHD-HI”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Martin et al., 2006
Existing literature is sufficiently consistent to conclude that comorbidity between CD, ODD, and ADHD may be primarily attributed to genetic influence and unique environment effects.
“existing literature seems to be su ffi ciently consistent to conclude that it may be primarily attributed to genetic in fl uence (Dick et al., 2005; Martin et al., 2006; Nadder et al., 2002; Tuvblad et al., 2009) and unique environment e ff ects”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Martin et al., 2006
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- Authors
- Martin, N. C., Levy, F., Pieka, J., & Hay, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Curtin University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Martin, Neilson C.
- ORCID
- Hay, David A.
- Venue
- International Journal of Disability, Development and Education
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-03
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-34
- ISSN
- 1034-912X (ISSN-L)
- 1465-346X
- OpenAlex
- W2107000902
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Disability Development and Education (publishedVersion)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- National Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, reading disorders, comorbidities, heritability, genetic overlap, shared environment, twin studies, ADHD subtypes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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