The Effectiveness of Creativity Training: A Quantitative Review
Abstract
: Over the course of the last half century, numerous training programs intended to develop creativity capacities have been proposed. In this study, a quantitative meta‐analysis of program evaluation efforts was conducted. Based on 70 prior studies, it was found that well‐designed creativity training programs typically induce gains in performance with these effects generalizing across criteria, settings, and target populations. Moreover, these effects held when internal validity considerations were taken into account. An examination of the factors contributing to the relative effectiveness of these training programs indicated that more successful programs were likely to focus on development of cognitive skills and the heuristics involved in skill application, using realistic exercises appropriate to the domain at hand. The implications of these observations for the development of creativity through educational and training interventions are discussed along with directions for future research.
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The scoping search identified only three systematic reviews in students or general population focusing on the impact of CTPIP.
“Our scoping search has identified only three systematic reviews in students or general population focusing on the impact of CTPIP (i.e., Davies et al., 2013;Scott et al., 2004;Valgeirsdottir & Onarheim, 2017).”
From Creativity training programs in primary education: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Scott et al., 2004
Most CTPIP include a wide variety of activities based on a previous cognitive process, which are relatively challenging from a contextual perspective and include practical exercises to apply the strategies acquired.
“a wide variety of activities based on a previous cognitive process, which are relatively challenging from a contextual perspective and include a series of practical exercises to apply the strategies acquired (Scott et al., 2004);”
From Creativity training programs in primary education: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Scott et al., 2004
There is still no agreement on what methodology should be used mainly in CTPIP to further enhance typical developing primary education pupils' creativity or divergent thinking.
“These results align with those obtained by Scott et al. (2004), and clearly unveil that there is still no agreement on what methodology should be used mainly in CTPIP to further enhance the typical developing primary education pupils' creativity or divergent thinking.”
From Creativity training programs in primary education: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Scott et al. (2004)
CTPIP influence the development of typical developing primary education pupils' creative potential.
“it is demonstrated that CTPIP influence the development of their creative potential, as already exposed by authors such as Scott et al. (2004), andValgeirsdottir &Onarheim (2017).”
From Creativity training programs in primary education: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Scott et al. (2004)
The number of studies included in this review is small compared to other reviews on CTPIP.
“Obviously, the number of studies included in this review can be considered small, especially when compared to the number of studies included in other reviews on CTPIP (e.g., Scott et al., 2004;Valgeirsdottir & Onarheim, 2017).”
From Creativity training programs in primary education: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Scott et al., 2004
The largest and most rapid effects on creativity are often attributed to method- or technique-oriented approaches.
“Research and experts suggest the utility of many additional creativity enhancement techniques (see, e.g., Thornhill-Miller and Dupont 2016), and the largest and most rapid effects are often attributed to these more method- or technique-oriented approaches (Scott et al. 2004).”
From Creativity, Critical Thinking, Communication, and Collaboration: Assessment, Certification, and Promotion of 21st Century Skills for the Future of Work and Education (2023) · cites this paper as Scott et al. 2004
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Retention and Transfer of Children's Self-Directed Critical Thinking Skills
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The Effects of a Holistic Creativity Program on the Self‐Concept and Creativity of Third Graders*
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Guidelines for Conducting and Reporting Meta-Analyses
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Effects of Training on the Divergent Thinking Ability of Kindergarten Children
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Effects of Creative Problem Solving Training on Communication Behaviours in Small Groups
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Validity generalization: Rejoinder to Schmidt, Hunter, and Raju (1988).
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The use of analogs in the innovation process: A software engineering protocol analysis
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Evaluation of Components of the Purdue Creative Thinking Program: A Longitudinal Study
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The Construct Validity of Divergent Scores in the Structure-Of-Intellect Learning Abilities Test
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The Effects of Creativity Training on Learning Disabled Students' Creative Written Expression
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Creativity and Ego Defense Mechanisms: Some Exploratory Empirical Evidence
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The Effect of Synectics Training on Gifted and Nongifted Kindergarten Students
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Techniques for Creative Thinking: An Empirical Comparison of Three Methods
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Relationships Between Creativity, Arts-Orientation, and Esthetic-Preference Variables
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Inductive Reasoning and Problem Solving
Phye, G. D. (1997) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012554255-5/50015-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Is the Future Problem Solving Program Accomplishing its Goals?
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Creativity Training in Elementary Schools in Brazil
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A Re‐Appraisal of Creativity Techniques in Industrial Training
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Inventors and Corporations in the Maturing Electrical Industry, 1890 – 1940
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Training Sixth Grade Children to think Creatively with Words
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Jaušovec, N. (1994) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783199409553576 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Effect of Instruction for Creativity on Learning Disabled Students' Drawings
Jaben, T. H. (1985) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1985.61.3.895 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
An instructional method for increasing originality
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Training Creativity in Adolescence: A Discussion of Strategy*
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Effects of Instruction on Elementary-Age Students' Productive Thinking
Jaben, T. H. (1985) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1985.57.3.900 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Curriculum and the creative process:Contributions in memory of A. Harry Passow
Kay, S. I. (1998) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783199809553919 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Role of Imagery Training on Tohono O'odham Children's Creativity Scores.
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Training Creative Thinking in General Education Science.
McCormack, A. J. (1974) · The journal of college science teaching · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Training of Original Responses and Academic Performance of Fifth-Grade Students
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Effects of Creativity Training, Defensiveness, and Intelligence on Divergent Thinking.
Dellas, M. (1971) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
An exploration of creativity training for management students
Griffith, T. (1987) · OpenBU (Boston University) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Problem Solving Aptitude among Secondary Marketing Education Students.
Fritz, R. L. (1993) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Effect of Relaxation and Imagination Exercises on the Creativity of Elementary Children.
Peak, R., & Hull, C. (1983) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The effects of multimodal creativity training on the creativity of twelfth graders
Carter, L. K. (1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Estimating effect sizes from pretest-posttest-control group designs
Morris, S. B. (2008) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428106291059 · Cited by 2,133 · see citing works
Hennessey, B. A., & Amabile, T. M. (2010) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100416 · Cited by 1,475 · see citing works
Thornhill-Miller, B., Camarda, A., Mercier, M., Burkhardt, J.-M., Morisseau, T., Bourgeois-Bougrine, S., Vinchon, F., El Hayek, S., Augereau-Landais, M., Mourey, F., et al. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11030054 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
Climate for Creativity: A Quantitative Review
Hunter, S. T., Bedell, K. E., & Mumford, M. D. (2007) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400410709336883 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
“Unlike studies conducted in other areas, for example training and evaluation (Scott et al., 2004), climate studies vary widely in the nature and amount of material reported, which bears on the context in which the study was conducted.”
BackgroundResultGive your ideas some legs: The positive effect of walking on creative thinking.
Oppezzo, M., & Schwartz, D. L. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0036577 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
“More recently, research has emphasized increasing creativity (Amabile, 1996, Scott, Leritz, & Mumford, 2004).”
BackgroundClassroom contexts for creativity
Beghetto, R. A., & Kaufman, J. C. (2014) · High Ability Studies · doi:10.1080/13598139.2014.905247 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Can emotional intelligence be trained? A meta-analytical investigation
Mattingly, V. P., & Kraiger, K. (2018) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.03.002 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
“For example, Scott, Leritz, and Mumford (2004) examined gender as a potential moderator of the effectiveness of creativity training by coding whether trainees were predominantly male, females, or split evenly.”
BackgroundRewards and creative performance: A meta-analytic test of theoretically derived hypotheses.
Byron, K., & Khazanchi, S. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0027652 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
The shifting sands of creative thinking: Connections to dual-process theory
Sowden, P. T., Pringle, A., & Gabora, L. M. (2014) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2014.885464 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Knowledge workers' creativity and the role of the physical work environment
Dul, J., Ceylan, C., & Jaspers, F. (2011) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.20454 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Enhancement of Creative Thinking Skills Using a Cognitive-Based Creativity Training
Ritter, S. M., & Mostert, N. M. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-016-0002-3 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Creative Thinking: Processes, Strategies, and Knowledge
Mumford, M. D., Medeiros, K. E., & Partlow, P. J. (2012) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.003 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Teaching Creativity and Inventive Problem Solving in Science
DeHaan, R. L. (2009) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.08-12-0081 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
“According to Kim (2006) and other authorities in the field (McIntyre et al., 2003; Scott et al., 2004), Torrance’s research and the development of the TTCT have provided groundwork for the idea that creative levels can be measured and then increased through instruction and practice.”
BackgroundZhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020173 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Bereczki, E. O., & Kárpáti, A. (2017) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2017.10.003 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Productivity, counterproductivity and creativity: The ups and downs of job insecurity
Probst, T. M., Stewart, S. M., Gruys, M. L., & Tierney, B. W. (2006) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317906x159103 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Teaching Creativity in Engineering Courses
Daly, S. R., Mosyjowski, E. A., & Seifert, C. M. (2014) · Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/jee.20048 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis of 70 studies concluded that successful training programs involved careful instruction focused on the cognitive processes involved in creativity (Scott et al., 2004).”
BackgroundVIA Character Strengths: Research and Practice (The First 10 Years)
Niemiec, R. M. (2012) · Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4611-4_2 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Business Ethics Instruction
Waples, E. P., Antes, A. L., Murphy, S. T., Connelly, S., & Mumford, M. D. (2009) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-008-9875-0 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Creative self-efficacy: An intervention study
Mathisen, G. E., & Brønnick, K. (2009) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2009.02.009 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Creativity and education: A bibliometric mapping of the research literature (1975–2019)
Hernández, D., & Ibrayeva, L. (2019) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2019.100625 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
The Importance of Domain-Specific Expertise in Creativity
Baer, J. (2015) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783193.2015.1047480 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
“Scott, Leritz, and Mumford (2004) conducted a metaanalysis of all creativity training research over the preceding half century and came the conclusion that “well-designed creativity training programs typically induce gains in performance” (p. 361).”
BackgroundLeader cognition in real-world settings: How do leaders think about crises?
Mumford, M. D., Friedrich, T. L., Caughron, J. J., & Byrne, C. L. (2007) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.09.002 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Work environments for employee creativity
Dul, J., & Ceylan, C. (2010) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2010.542833 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“Organisations could develop creativity by selecting individuals that are potentially creative, for instance based on assessment tools like Gough’s Creative Personality Scale (Gough, 1979), or by training workers in cognitive skills like divergent thinking (Scott et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWatts, L. L., Medeiros, K. E., Mulhearn, T. J., Steele, L. M., Connelly, S., & Mumford, M. D. (2016) · Ethics & Behavior · doi:10.1080/10508422.2016.1182025 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Bereczki, E. O., & Kárpáti, A. (2021) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100791 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Rethinking STEM Education: An Interdisciplinary STEAM Curriculum
Madden, M. E., Baxter, M., Beauchamp, H. M., Bouchard, K., Habermas, D., Huff, M., Ladd, B. C., Pearon, J., & Plague, G. R. (2013) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2013.09.316 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Liu, S., Erkkinen, M. G., Healey, M. L., Xu, Y., Swett, K. E., Chow, H. M., & Braun, A. R. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22849 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
“Indeed, previous studies have suggested that insights derived from neurocientific research can increase the effectiveness of creativity training [Onarheim and Friis-Olivarius, 2013; Scott et al., 2004].”
BackgroundThe Effect Size of Variables Associated With Creativity: A Meta-Analysis
Ma, H.-H. (2009) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400410802633400 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Karwowski, M. (2012) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v8i4.513 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Kuo, H., Tseng, Y., & Yang, Y.-T. C. (2018) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2018.09.001 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
The Process Definition of Creativity
Green, A. E., Beaty, R. E., Kenett, Y. N., & Kaufman, J. C. (2023) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2023.2254573 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
“This is the case for cognitive interventions that seek to scaffold elements of the creative process (Scott et al., 2004), and is perhaps most clearly the case for brain-based interventions.”
Shane, S. A., & Nicolaou, N. (2014) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.04.001 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Facilitating and Rewarding Creativity during New Product Development
Burroughs, J. E., Dahl, D. W., Moreau, C., Chattopadhyay, A., & Gorn, G. J. (2011) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.75.4.53 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
The Shifting Sands of Creative Thinking: Connections to Dual Process Theory
Sowden, P. T., Pringle, A., & Gabora, L. M. (2014) · Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Problem identification and construction: What do we know, what is the future?
Reiter‐Palmon, R., & Robinson, E. J. (2009) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/a0014629 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“Finally, Scott, Leritz, and Mumford (2004) conducted a meta-analysis on creativity training and its relation to creativity improved training outcomes and creative performance across multiple studies.”
BackgroundThe cognitive benefits of learning computer programming: A meta-analysis of transfer effects.
Scherer, R., Siddiq, F., & Sánchez Viveros, B. (2019) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000314 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“.05; Ma, 2009; Scott, Leritz, & Mumford, 2004), the effects we extracted from programming interventions were comparable in size ( g (cid:2) 0.73).”
MethodInfluentialMa, H.-H. (2006) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1804_3 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“However, it was not the purpose of Scott et al. (2004b) to find the effectiveness of a single component of training program or of a package.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPlay, Playfulness, Creativity and Innovation
Bateson, P. (2014) · Animal Behavior and Cognition · doi:10.12966/abc.05.02.2014 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Asif, M., Qing, M., Hwang, J., & Shi, H. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11164489 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“employees through proper training and adequate experience [16].”
BackgroundKandler, C., Riemann, R., Angleitner, A., Spinath, F. M., Borkenau, P., & Penke, L. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000087 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Happy creativity: Listening to happy music facilitates divergent thinking
Ritter, S. M., & Ferguson, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182210 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“The current study provides support to the creative cognition model of creativity (for example [9]), which states that individual differences in creativity can be explained by variations in the efficiency of cognitive processes underlying creativity, and to the idea that creative thinking can be enhanced [10, 12].”
BackgroundResultCognitive skills and leadership performance: The nine critical skills
Mumford, M. D., Todd, E. M., Higgs, C. A., & McIntosh, T. J. (2017) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.10.012 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Contextual Inhibitors of Employee Creativity in Organizations
Choi, J. N., Anderson, T. A., & Veillette, A. (2008) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601108329811 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
The effects of physical prototyping and group work on the reduction of design fixation
Youmans, R. J. (2010) · Design Studies · doi:10.1016/j.destud.2010.08.001 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Problem finding and creativity: A meta-analytic review.
Alabbasi, A. M. A., Paek, S. H., Cramond, B. L., & Runco, M. A. (2018) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/aca0000194 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Predicting creativity: Interactive effects of openness to experience and emotion regulation ability
Ivcevic, Z., & Brackett, M. (2015) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/a0039826 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The role of memory in creative ideation
Benedek, M., Beaty, R. E., Schacter, D. L., & Kenett, Y. N. (2023) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00158-z · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Rubenstein, L. D., Ridgley, L. M., Callan, G. L., Karami, S., & Ehlinger, J. (2017) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2017.11.012 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Birdi, K. S., Leach, D. J., & Magadley, W. (2014) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/jpim.12250 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
The Impact of Metacognitive Instruction on Creative Problem Solving
Hargrove, R. A., & Nietfeld, J. L. (2014) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2013.876604 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“A taxonomy of metacognition includes knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Baker, 1989; Schraw & Moshman, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialCreativity—the unconscious foundations of the incubation period
Ritter, S. M., & Dijksterhuis, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00215 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Fostering students’ creative thinking skills by means of a one-year creativity training program
Ritter, S. M., Gu, X., Crijns, M., & Biekens, P. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229773 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“Although creativity can be fostered [20], in most educational settings little attention is paid on developing students’ creative thinking skills.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDivergent thinking training is related to frontal electroencephalogram alpha synchronization
Fink, A., Grabner, R. H., Benedek, M., & Neubauer, A. C. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04751.x · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“For instance, a recent meta-analysis by Scott et al. (2004) considering 70 studies administering training programs yielded effect sizes ranging between 0.54 and 0.81 for different parameters of creativity, such as ideational fluency (number of ideas) or originality (uniqueness ⁄ novelty) of ideas.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Role of Metacognitive Components in Creative Thinking
Jia, X., Li, W., & Cao, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02404 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Retest effects in cognitive ability tests: A meta-analysis
Scharfen, J., Peters, J. M., & Holling, H. (2018) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2018.01.003 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Creativity and Planning: Training Interventions to Develop Creative Problem-Solving Skills
Osburn, H. K., & Mumford, M. D. (2006) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1802_4 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“Second, the task examines performance in a domain different from that considered in training thereby insuring that issues bearing on the transfer of training could be addressed (Scott et al., 2004).”
BackgroundSocial Innovation: Enhancing Creative Performance Through Causal Analysis
Marcy, R. T., & Mumford, M. D. (2007) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400410701397180 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“Recently, Scott, Leritz, and Mumford (2004) in a meta-analysis have shown that well designed training interventions can contribute to creative thought.”
BackgroundA Review of the Effectiveness of CPS Training: A Focus on Workplace Issues
Puccio, G. J., Firestien, R. L., Coyle, C., & Masucci, C. (2006) · Creativity and Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8691.2006.00366.x · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“Scott et al. (2004a, 2004b) conducted their quantitative review of creativity training to examine whether such training indeed had positive effects.”
BackgroundEmbodied creativity training: Effects on creative self-efficacy and creative production
Byrge, C., & Tang, C. (2015) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2015.01.002 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“Up till now, studies show that creativity can be improved through training (Rose & Lin, 1984; Scott et al., 2004; Torrance, 1972).”
BackgroundEthical leadership, trust in leader and creativity: The mediated mechanism and an interacting effect
Javed, B., Rawwas, M. Y. A., Khandai, S., Shahid, K., & Tayyeb, H. H. (2018) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2017.56 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Creativity in Education: Teaching for Creativity Development
Kaplan, D. E. (2019) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2019.102012 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Sowden, P. T., Clements, L., Redlich, C., & Lewis, C. (2015) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/aca0000018 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Rodríguez, G., Pérez, N., Núñez, G., Baños, J.-E., & Carrió, M. (2019) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-019-1563-5 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Puccio, G. J., Burnett, C., Acar, S., Yudess, J. A., Holinger, M., & Cabra, J. F. (2018) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.381 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Creativity and artificial intelligence: A multilevel perspective
Grilli, L., & Pedota, M. (2024) · Creativity and Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/caim.12580 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Sun, M., Wang, M., & Wegerif, R. (2020) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100682 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
The Sources of Innovation and Creativity
Adams, K. (2005) · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Garbuio, M., Dong, A., Lin, N., Tschang, T., & Lovallo, D. P. (2017) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2016.0040 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Sun, J., Chen, Q., Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Li, H., Wei, D., Yang, W., & Qiu, J. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23246 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Various strategies and training paradigms have been used to stimulate creative thinking, such as imagery techniques, structuring group interactions, and providing incentives [Scott et al., 2004; Smith, 1998].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialHiring an innovative workforce: A necessary yet uniquely challenging endeavor
Hunter, S. T., Cushenbery, L., & Friedrich, T. L. (2012) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2012.01.001 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Exploring the effectiveness of STEAM design processes on middle school students’ creativity
Özkan, G., & Topsakal, Ü. U. (2019) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-019-09547-z · Cited by 153 · see citing works
How to develop creative imagination?
Karwowski, M., & Soszynski, M. (2008) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2008.07.001 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“A value of the analyses presented by Scott et al. (2004) can be seen in the great detail of presented data, frequently forming a source of interesting conclusions.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSharma, M., Luthra, S., Joshi, S. K., & Kumar, A., V (2022) · International Journal of Manpower · doi:10.1108/ijm-02-2021-0085 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Teaching and Learning How to Create in Schools of Art and Design
Sawyer, R. (2018) · Journal of the Learning Sciences · doi:10.1080/10508406.2017.1381963 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Creative Thinking Processes: The Past and the Future
Mumford, M. D., & McIntosh, T. J. (2017) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.197 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“Scott et al. (2004) found that the most effective creativity training programs were those which used instruction, and exercises, expressly intended to develop these key creative thinking processes.”
BackgroundImprov experience promotes divergent thinking, uncertainty tolerance, and affective well-being
Felsman, P., Gunawardena, S., & Seifert, C. M. (2020) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100632 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Baer, R. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0419-2 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Creativity training programs produce significant increases in divergent thinking and problem solving (Scott et al. 2004).”
BackgroundTeaching Creative Science Thinking
DeHaan, R. L. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1207918 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Adaptive expertise and creative thinking: A synthetic review and implications for practice
Gube, M., & Lajoie, S. P. (2020) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100630 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Effects of Training on Idea Generation in Groups
Baruah, J., & Paulus, P. B. (2008) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496408320049 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis by Scott, Leritz, and Mumford (2004) found that most of the successful training programs were the ones that focused on the development of cognitive skills (e.g., divergent thinking).”
BackgroundKilgour, M., & Koslow, S. (2009) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-009-0133-5 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“Further support for the trainability of creative thinking techniques is found in a review of the effectiveness of creativity training by Scott et al. (2004b) .”
BackgroundRecognizing and fostering creativity in technological design education
Cropley, D. H., & Cropley, A. J. (2009) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-009-9089-5 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“From the findings of Scott et al. (2004) we have worked out five principles for successfully doing this.”
BackgroundInfluentialCheng, M. Y. V. 鄭. (2019) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2019.05.001 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Does socioeconomic status influence student creativity?
Castillo‐Vergara, M., Galleguillos, N. B., Cuello, L. J., Álvarez‐Marín, A., & Acuña-Opazo, C. (2018) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2018.07.005 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
A Call to Action: The Challenges of Creative Teaching and Learning
Sawyer, R. K. (2015) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811511701001 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Teaching Creative Thinking Skills
Im, H., Hokanson, B., & Johnson, K. K. P. (2015) · Clothing and Textiles Research Journal · doi:10.1177/0887302x15569010 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“The results also provide additional evidence that creativity can be trained and developed through classes (Scott et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTranscutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) enhances divergent thinking
Colzato, L. S., Ritter, S. M., & Steenbergen, L. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.003 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Importantly, various behavioral studies have shown that creative thinking skills can be enhanced (e.g., (Baas et al., 2014; Colzato et al., 2012, 2013, 2015; de Bloom et al., 2014; Ritter and Mostart, 2016; Scott et al., 2004; Zabelina and Robinson, 2010)).”
BackgroundHunter, S. T., Bedell‐Avers, K. E., Hunsicker, C. M., Mumford, M. D., & Ligon, G. S. (2008) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400410802088779 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Malinin, L. H. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02372 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“It is also understood to be a teachable skill (Scott et al., 2004; Ward and Kolomyts, 2010), however, specific pedagogical practices that lead to creativity have not been identified (Sawyer, 2018).”
BackgroundKarpova, E. E., Marcketti, S. B., & Barker, J. (2011) · Clothing and Textiles Research Journal · doi:10.1177/0887302x11400065 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“Indeed, practically all of the studies that have evaluated the effectiveness of creativity education did so when the training was in the format of a stand-alone creativity course or program (e.g., Basadur et al., 1990; Birdi, 2005; Clapham, 1997; Fontenot, 1992; Kabanoff & Bottger, 1991; Scott et al., 2004).”
BackgroundVahle‐Hinz, T., Mauno, S., de Bloom, J., & Kinnunen, U. M. (2017) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2017.1303761 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“straint identification, and use of analogies) have been shown to be successful strategies to improve creativity (Scott et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMumford, M. D., Hester, K. S., & Robledo, I. C. (2012) · Handbook of Organizational Creativity · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374714-3.00001-x · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Importance of the Default Mode Network in Creativity—A Structural MRI Study
Kühn, S., Ritter, S. M., Müller, B. C. N., van Baaren, R. B., Braß, M., & Dijksterhuis, A. (2013) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.45 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
From the Dawn of Humanity to the 21st Century: Creativity as an Enduring Survival Skill
Puccio, G. J. (2017) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.203 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Vally, Z., Salloum, L., AlQedra, D., Shazly, S. E., Albloshi, M. A., Alsheraifi, S. N. M., & Alkaabi, A. (2018) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2018.11.003 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Creativity Doesn't Develop in a Vacuum
Baer, J. (2016) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20151 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“Scott, Leritz, and Mumford (2004) conducted a quantitative metaanalysis of creativity training research covering a half century of research— 70 published and peer-reviewed studies on the effectiveness of creativity training.”
BackgroundWho cares about imagination, creativity, and innovation, and why? A review.
Forgeard, M. J. C., & Kaufman, J. C. (2015) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/aca0000042 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Developing leaders for creative efforts: A domain-based approach to leadership development
Mumford, M. D., Hunter, S. T., Eubanks, D. L., Bedell, K. E., & Murphy, S. T. (2007) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.08.002 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Information, Experience, and Divergent Thinking: An Empirical Test
Runco, M. A., Dow, G. T., & Smith, W. R. (2006) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1803_4 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
- Authors
- Scott, G., Leritz, L. E., & Mumford, M. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Oklahoma (US)
- Venue
- Creativity Research Journal
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2004-12-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 361-388
- ISSN
- 1040-0419 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-6934
- OpenAlex
- W2148809109
- Cited by
- 1,132
- References
- 172
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 12.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Creativity Research Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Creativity in Education and Neuroscience
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Design Education and Practice
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- creativity training, creativity development, training program effectiveness, program evaluation, cognitive skills, heuristics, transfer of training, internal validity
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