Cited by 742Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchPeroxisome Proliferator-Activated ReceptorsCarcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment

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The Toxicology of Perfluorooctanoate

Kennedy, Gerald L., Butenhoff, John L., Olsen, Geary W., O'Connor, John C., Seacat, Andrew M., Perkins, Roger G., Biegel, Lisa B., Murphy, Sandra R., Farrar, David G.·2004·Critical Reviews in Toxicology

DOI 10.1080/10408440490464705

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Abstract

PFOA is a peroxisome proliferator (PPAR agonist) and exerts morphological and biochemical effects characteristic of PPAR agonists. These effects include increased beta-oxidation of fatty acids, increases in several cytochrome P-450 (CYP450)-mediated reactions, and inhibition of the secretion of very low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol from the liver. These effects on lipid metabolism and transport result in a reduction of cholesterol and triglycerides in serum and an accumulation of lipids in the liver. The triad of tumors observed (liver, Leydig cell, and pancreatic acinar-cell) is typical of many PPAR agonists and is believed to involve nongenotoxic mechanisms. The hepatocellular tumors observed in rats are likely to have been the result of the activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). The tumors observed in the testis (Leydig-cell) have been hypothesized to be associated with an increased level of serum estradiol in concert with testicular growth factors. The mechanism responsible for the acinar-cell tumors of the pancreas in rats remains the subject of active investigation. The mechanism resulting in the hepatocellular tumors in rats (PPARalpha activation) is not likely to be relevant to humans. Similarly, the proposed mechanism for Leydig-cell tumor formation is of questionable relevance to humans. Acinar tumors of the pancreas are rare in humans, and the relevance of the these tumors, as found in rats, to humans is uncertain. Epidemiological investigations and medical surveillance of occupationally exposed workers have not found consistent associations between PFOA exposure and adverse health effects.

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Authors: Kennedy, G. L., Butenhoff, J. L., Olsen, G. W., O'Connor, J. C., Seacat, A. M., Perkins, R. G., Biegel, L. B., Murphy, S. R., & Farrar, D. G.
Affiliations: DuPont (United States) (US)
3M (United States) (US)
DuPont, Newark, Delaware, USA
Covance, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Atofina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Ineos (United Kingdom) (GB)
Corresponding author: Kennedy, Gerald L.
ORCID: Kennedy, Gerald L.
Olsen, Geary W.
Murphy, Sandra R.
Venue: Critical Reviews in Toxicology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2004-01
Volume: 34
Issue: 4
Pages: 351-384
ISSN: 0045-6446 (ISSN-L)
1040-8444
1547-6898
DOI: 10.1080/10408440490464705
OpenAlex: W2111493612
Cited by: 742
References: 135
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 36
FWCI: 4.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Critical Reviews in Toxicology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
Keywords: perfluorooctanoic acid, PPAR agonists, PPARα, hepatocellular tumors, Leydig cell tumor, lipid metabolism, cytochrome P450, very low density lipoprotein secretion, non-genotoxic carcinogenesis, occupational exposure, toxicokinetics
MeSH terms: Animals, Caprylates, Female, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Leydig Cell Tumor, Liver Neoplasms, Male, Mutagenicity Tests, Pancreatic Neoplasms, Skin, Testicular Neoplasms, Tissue Distribution, Peroxisome Proliferators, Rats

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The Toxicology of Perfluorooctanoate

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