The psychology of system justification and the palliative function of ideology
Abstract
In this chapter, we trace the historical and intellectual origins of system justification theory, summarise the basic assumptions of the theory, and derive 18 specific hypotheses from a system justification perspective. We review and integrate empirical evidence addressing these hypotheses concerning the rationalisation of the status quo, the internalisation of inequality (outgroup favouritism and depressed entitlement), relations among ego, group, and system justification motives (including consequences for attitudinal ambivalence, self-esteem, and psychological well-being), and the reduction of ideological dissonance. Turning to the question of why people would engage in system justification--especially when it conflicts with other interests and motives--we propose that system-justifying ideologies serve a palliative function in that they reduce anxiety, guilt, dissonance, discomfort, and uncertainty for those who are advantaged and disadvantaged.
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System justification serves a palliative function in that it reduces anxiety, discomfort, and uncertainty.
“System justification serves a palliative function in that it reduces anxiety, discomfort, and uncertainty (Jost & Hunyady, 2003).”
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Kaiser, C. R., & Major, B. (2006) · Law & Social Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2006.00036.x · Cited by 199 · see citing works
System-Justifying Beliefs and Psychological Well-Being: The Roles of Group Status and Identity
O’Brien, L. T., & Major, B. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205278261 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Levin, S., & van Laar, C. (2006) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410617057 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Uncertainty and the Roots of Extremism
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Racial Progress as Threat to the Status Hierarchy
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Matosin, N., Frank, E., Engel, M., Lum, J., & Newell, K. (2014) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.015123 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Cichocka, A. K., & Jost, J. T. (2013) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12011 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationNot Competent but Warm... Really? Compensatory Stereotypes in the French-speaking World
Yzerbyt, V. Y., Provost, V., & Corneille, O. (2005) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430205053944 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Belief in a just God (and a just society): A system justification perspective on religious ideology.
Jost, J. T., Hawkins, C. B., Nosek, B. A., Hennes, E. P., Stern, C., Gosling, S. D., & Graham, J. (2013) · Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033220 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial disadvantage and the self-regulatory function of justice beliefs.
Laurin, K., Fitzsimons, G. M., & Kay, A. C. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021343 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Seron, C., Silbey, S. S., Cech, E. A., & Rubineau, B. (2018) · Work and Occupations · doi:10.1177/0730888418759774 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Kervyn, N. O., Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Judd, C. M. (2010) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/13546805.2010.517997 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Godfrey, E. B., Santos, C. E., & Burson, E. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12854 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Jolley, D., Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12404 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Jost, J. T., Kivetz, Y., Rubini, M., Guermandi, G., & Mosso, C. O. (2005) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-005-6827-z · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationDavidai, S. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.07.012 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Kay, A. C., Jost, J. T., Mandisodza, A. N., Sherman, S. J., Petrocelli, J. V., & Johnson, A. L. (2007) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(06)39006-5 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationTerrorism Salience increases System Justification: Experimental Evidence
Ullrich, J., & Cohrs, J. C. (2007) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-007-0035-y · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Rubin, M., & Hewstone, M. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00400.x · Cited by 159 · see citing works
System Justification in Responding to the Poor and Displaced in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina
Napier, J. L., Mandisodza, A. N., Andersen, S. M., & Jost, J. T. (2006) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2006.00102.x · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationBlue and Red Voices: Effects of Political Ideology on Consumers’ Complaining and Disputing Behavior
Jung, K., Garbarino, E., Briley, D. A., & Wynhausen, J. (2017) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucx037 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Salfate, S. V., Páez, D., Liu, J. H.-F., Felicia Pratto, B., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218757455 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Beyond dependence: An identity approach to social power and domination
Simon, B. C., & Oakes, P. J. (2006) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726706062760 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Napier, J. L., Þórisdóttir, H., & Jost, J. T. (2009) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9712-7 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationAn early-emerging explanatory heuristic promotes support for the status quo.
Hussak, L. J., & Cimpian, A. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000033 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Godfrey, E. B., & Wolf, S. (2015) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000048 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Abstract thinking increases one’s sense of power
Smith, P. K., Wigboldus, D. H. J., & Dijksterhuis, A. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.12.005 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Admiration regulates social hierarchy: Antecedents, dispositions, and effects on intergroup behavior
Sweetman, J., Spears, R., Livingstone, A. G., & Manstead, A. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.10.007 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Joffé, H., & Staerklé, C. (2007) · Culture & Psychology · doi:10.1177/1354067x07082750 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Exposure to Violence, Ethos of Conflict, and Support for Compromise
Canetti, D., Elad‐Strenger, J., Lavi, I., Guy, D., & Bar‐Tal, D. (2015) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002715569771 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Group Processes and Intergroup Relations
Hogg, M. A., & Gaffney, A. M. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119170174.epcn414 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Prejudice and Stereotype Maintenance Processes: Attention, Attribution, and Individuation.
Sherman, J. W., Stroessner, S. J., Conrey, F. R., & Azam, O. A. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.607 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Priest, N., Perry, R., Ferdinand, A. S., Paradies, Y., & Kelaher, M. (2014) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0140-9 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
General Belief in A Just World and Resilience: Evidence from A Collectivistic Culture
Michael Shengtao, W. U., Yan, X., Zhou, C., Chen, Y., Li, J., Zhu, Z., Shen, X., & Han, B. (2010) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.807 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Uncertainty, Social Identity, and Ideology
Hogg, M. A. (2005) · Advances in group processes · doi:10.1016/s0882-6145(05)22008-8 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Hamlin, J. K. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00614 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Working for the System: Motivated Defense of Meritocratic Beliefs
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Self-citationGroup‐based Differences in Perceptions of Racism: What Counts, to Whom, and Why?
Carter, E. R., & Murphy, M. C. (2015) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12181 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Jost, J. T., Langer, M., Badaan, V., Azevedo, F., Etchezahar, E. D., Ungaretti, J., & Hennes, E. P. (2017) · Translational Issues in Psychological Science · doi:10.1037/tps0000127 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationMcCoy, S. K., Wellman, J. D., Cosley, B. J., Saslow, L. R., & Epel, E. S. (2013) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1959 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Economic system justification predicts muted emotional responses to inequality
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Self-citationWhy Is Benevolent Sexism Appealing?
Connelly, K. E., & Heesacker, M. (2012) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684312456369 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Gender Inequality and Gender Differences in Authoritarianism
Brandt, M. J., & Henry, P. J. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212449871 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Hudson, S. T. J., Cikara, M., & Sidanius, J. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103871 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Think Leader, Think White? Capturing and Weakening an Implicit Pro-White Leadership Bias
Gündemir, S., Homan, A., Dreu, C. D. D., & van Vugt, M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083915 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Lowery, B. S., Chow, R. M., Knowles, E. D., & Unzueta, M. M. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024598 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Engaging People on Climate Change: The Role of Emotional Responses
Wong‐Parodi, G., & Feygina, I. (2021) · Environmental Communication · doi:10.1080/17524032.2020.1871051 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Curtin, N., Stewart, A. J., & Cole, E. R. (2015) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684315580439 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Salfate, S. V., Páez, D., Khan, S. S., Liu, J. H.-F., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12254 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Defenders of a Lost Cause: Terror Management and Violent Resistance to the Disengagement Plan
Hirschberger, G., & Ein‐Dor, T. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206286628 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Kaiser, C. R., Dyrenforth, P. S., & Hagiwara, N. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206291475 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jost, J., & Hunyady, O.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Debrecen (HU)
- ORCID
- Jost, John
- Venue
- European Review of Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 111-153
- ISSN
- 1046-3283 (ISSN-L)
- 1479-277X
- OpenAlex
- W1969329871
- Cited by
- 833
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 56.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Review of Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Keywords
- system justification theory, ideology, attitudinal ambivalence, self-esteem, psychological well-being, anxiety reduction, guilt reduction, uncertainty reduction
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