Americans misperceive racial economic equality
Open accessAbstract
= 1,377) sampling White and Black Americans from the top and bottom of the national income distribution, participants overestimated progress toward Black-White economic equality, largely driven by estimates of greater current equality than actually exists according to national statistics. Overestimates of current levels of racial economic equality, on average, outstripped reality by roughly 25% and were predicted by greater belief in a just world and social network racial diversity (among Black participants). Whereas high-income White respondents tended to overestimate racial economic equality in the past, Black respondents, on average, underestimated the degree of past racial economic equality. Two follow-up experiments further revealed that making societal racial discrimination salient increased the accuracy of Whites' estimates of Black-White economic equality, whereas encouraging Whites to anchor their estimates on their own circumstances increased their tendency to overestimate current racial economic equality. Overall, these findings suggest a profound misperception of and unfounded optimism regarding societal race-based economic equality-a misperception that is likely to have any number of important policy implications.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Americans markedly overestimate progress that has been made toward racial economic equality.
“More generally, Americans markedly overestimate progress that has been made toward racial economic equality [101].”
From Reducing Racial Inequities in Health: Using What We Already Know to Take Action (2019) · cites this paper as [101]
The overestimation of current racial equality was most pronounced among high-income whites.
“and was most pronounced among high-income whites”
From Reducing Racial Inequities in Health: Using What We Already Know to Take Action (2019) · cites this paper as [101]
The overestimation of current racial equality was strongly associated with beliefs in a just world.
“and was strongly associated with beliefs in a just world [101].”
From Reducing Racial Inequities in Health: Using What We Already Know to Take Action (2019) · cites this paper as [101]
In a recent study, the degree of current racial equality (e.g., in income, wealth and wages) was overestimated by about 25%.
“A recent study found that the degree of current racial equality (e.g., in income, wealth and wages) was overestimated by about 25%”
From Reducing Racial Inequities in Health: Using What We Already Know to Take Action (2019) · cites this paper as [101]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03206553 · Cited by 17,383 · see citing works
An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199269464.003.0005 · Cited by 12,620 · see citing works
Fanon, F. (2000) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-05194-3_4 · Cited by 7,509 · see citing works
American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass.
Fernandez, R. M., Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. A. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074502 · Cited by 6,191 · see citing works
Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
Devine, P. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5 · Cited by 5,673 · see citing works
Political conservatism as motivated social cognition.
Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339 · Cited by 4,904 · cited 1× · see citing works
“such beliefs typically stem from motivations to protect the self from the uncomfortable realization that societal outcomes (in this case with respect to race) are unfair (10).”
BackgroundSocial dominance: an intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-3413 · Cited by 3,374 · see citing works
Status Characteristics and Social Interaction
Berger, J., Cohen, B. P., & Zelditch, M. (1972) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2093465 · Cited by 1,762 · see citing works
Experimental methods: Between-subject and within-subject design
Charness, G., Gneezy, U., & Kuhn, M. A. (2012) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2011.08.009 · Cited by 1,469 · see citing works
Evicted. Poverty and profit in the American city
Harris, R. (2016) · Housing Studies · doi:10.1080/02673037.2016.1205268 · Cited by 1,447 · see citing works
American apartheid: segregation and the making of the underclass
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-5888 · Cited by 1,144 · see citing works
Building a Better America—One Wealth Quintile at a Time
Norton, M. I., & Ariely, D. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610393524 · Cited by 1,119 · see citing works
Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression
Tilly, C., Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (2001) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2655372 · Cited by 1,101 · see citing works
Social norms and the expression and suppression of prejudice: The struggle for internalization.
Crandall, C. S., Eshleman, A. K., & O’Brien, L. T. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.3.359 · Cited by 1,096 · see citing works
Mini Meta‐Analysis of Your Own Studies: Some Arguments on Why and a Primer on How
Goh, J. X., Hall, J. A., & Rosenthal, R. (2016) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12267 · Cited by 994 · see citing works
Social class, sense of control, and social explanation.
Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., & Keltner, D. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016357 · Cited by 956 · see citing works
The relational self: An interpersonal social-cognitive theory.
Andersen, S. M., & Chen, S. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.4.619 · Cited by 914 · see citing works
The psychology of system justification and the palliative function of ideology
Jost, J., & Hunyady, O. (2003) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280240000046 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Saguy, T., Tausch, N., Dovidio, J. F., & Felicia Pratto, B. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02261.x · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Gaining trust as well as respect in communicating to motivated audiences about science topics
Fiske, S. T., & Dupree, C. H. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1317505111 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Lipkus, I. M. (1991) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90081-l · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Unequal City: Race, Schools, and Perceptions of Injustice
Shedd, C. (2015) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Compassion, pride, and social intuitions of self-other similarity.
Oveis, C., Horberg, E. J., & Keltner, D. J. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017628 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
The evolution of error: error management, cognitive constraints, and adaptive decision-making biases
Johnson, D. D. P., Blumstein, D. T., Fowler, J. H., & Haselton, M. G. (2013) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2013.05.014 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Mendes, W. B., Blascovich, J., Hunter, S. B., Lickel, B. A., & Jost, J. T. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.698 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City
Desmond, M. (2016) · Cited by 342 · see citing works
How Much (More) Should CEOs Make? A Universal Desire for More Equal Pay
Kiatpongsan, S., & Norton, M. I. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614549773 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Negotiating Interracial Interactions
Richeson, J. A., & Shelton, J. N. (2007) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00528.x · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Americans overestimate social class mobility
Kraus, M. W., & Tan, J. J. X. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2015.01.005 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Intergroup Relations: Essential Readings
Hogg, M. A., & Abrams, D. J. (2001) · Cited by 274 · see citing works
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Pearlman, S. A. (2013) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/1078390313511852 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Toward a Social Psychology of Race and Race Relations for the Twenty-First Century
Richeson, J. A., & Sommers, S. R. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115115 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Racial Differences in Patterns of Wealth Accumulation
Gittleman, M., & Wolff, E. N. (2004) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.2307/3559010 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Framing Inequity Safely: Whites' Motivated Perceptions of Racial Privilege
Lowery, B. S., Knowles, E. D., & Unzueta, M. M. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207303016 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Craig, M. A., & Richeson, J. A. (2016) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721415611252 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Building a More Mobile America—One Income Quintile at a Time
Davidai, S., & Gilovich, T. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614562005 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Brandt, M. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031751 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Mental Representations of Welfare Recipients and Attitudes Toward Welfare
Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., Dotsch, R., Cooley, E., & Payne, B. K. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616674999 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Women's emotional responses to the pervasiveness of gender discrimination
Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., & Postmes, T. (2002) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.147 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Shapiro, T. M. (2017) · Cited by 164 · see citing works
The Political Economy of Education, Financial Literacy, and the Racial Wealth Gap
Louis, F. R. B. O. S., Hamilton, D., & Darity, W. A. J. (2017) · Review · doi:10.20955/r.2017.59-76 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
The hard-knock life? Whites claim hardships in response to racial inequity
Phillips, L. T., & Lowery, B. S. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2015.06.008 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
The psychology of system justification and the palliative function of ideology
Jost, J. T., & Hunyady, O. (2003) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203495537-4 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Bold Policies for Economic Justice
Darity, W. A. J., & Hamilton, D. (2012) · The Review of Black Political Economy · doi:10.1007/s12114-011-9129-8 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Racial Assumptions Color the Mental Representation of Social Class
Lei, R. F., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00519 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Social affiliation in same-class and cross-class interactions.
Côté, S., Kraus, M. W., Carpenter, N. C., Piff, P. K., Beermann, U., & Keltner, D. J. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000258 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Psychological Knowledge and the New American Dilemma of Race
Jones, J. M. (1998) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01241.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Services and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Abdus, S., Mistry, K. B., & Selden, T. M. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302892 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Americans Still Overestimate Social Class Mobility: A Pre-Registered Self-Replication
Kraus, M. W. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01709 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Group Membership and Belief Similarity As Determinants of Interpersonal Attraction in Peru
Bergeron, A. P., & Zanna, M. P. (1973) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/002202217300400402 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Pattillo-McCoy M (1999) Black Picket Fences: Privilege and Peril in the Black Middle Class Neighborhood (Univ of Chicago Press, Chicago).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Reducing Racial Inequities in Health: Using What We Already Know to Take Action
Williams, D. R., & Cooper, L. A. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16040606 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
The Misperception of Racial Economic Inequality
Kraus, M. W., Onyeador, I. N., Daumeyer, N. M., Rucker, J. M., & Richeson, J. A. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619863049 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Mental Representations of Welfare Recipients and Attitudes Toward Welfare
Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., Dotsch, R., Cooley, E., & Payne, B. K. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616674999 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Simons, R. L., Lei, M., Klopack, E. T., Beach, S. R. H., Gibbons, F. X., & Philibert, R. A. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113169 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Davidai, S. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.07.012 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Unpacking the Inequality Paradox: The Psychological Roots of Inequality and Social Class
Piff, P. K., Kraus, M. W., & Keltner, D. J. (2017) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2017.10.002 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Systemic racial disparities in funding rates at the National Science Foundation
Chen, C. Y., Kahanamoku, S. S., Tripati, A., Alegado, R. ʻ., Morris, V. R., Andrade, K., & Hosbey, J. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.83071 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Asset Manager Capitalism as a Corporate Governance Regime
Braun, B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009029841.010 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Abascal, M. (2020) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122420905127 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Herd Invisibility: The Psychology of Racial Privilege
Phillips, L. T., & Lowery, B. S. (2018) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721417753600 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Martín, A. (2020) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.1093/pq/pqaa073 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Onyeador, I. N., Daumeyer, N. M., Rucker, J. M., Duker, A., Kraus, M. W., & Richeson, J. A. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167220942625 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Racial Inequality in Academia: Systemic Origins, Modern Challenges, and Policy Recommendations
Dupree, C. H., & Boykin, C. M. (2021) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732220984183 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
As diversity increases, people paradoxically perceive social groups as more similar
Bai, X., Ramos, M. R., & Fiske, S. T. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2000333117 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Trends in racial and ethnic discrimination in hiring in six Western countries
Quillian, L., & Lee, J. J. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2212875120 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Psychological Science Is Not Race Neutral
Dupree, C. H., & Kraus, M. W. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620979820 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Growing sense of social status threat and concomitant deaths of despair among whites
Siddiqi, A., Sod-Erdene, O., Hamilton, D., Cottom, T. M., & Darity, W. A. J. (2019) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100449 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Ideology selectively shapes attention to inequality
Waldfogel, H. B., Sheehy-Skeffington, J. A., Hauser, O., Ho, A. K., & Kteily, N. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2023985118 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Do people care if men don't care about caring? The asymmetry in support for changing gender roles
Block, K., Croft, A., Souza, L. D., & Schmader, T. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.03.013 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Kraus, M. W., Torrez, B., & Hollie, L. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.06.022 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The American Political Economy
(2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009029841 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Belief in Social Mobility Mitigates Hostility Resulting From Disadvantaged Social Standing
Sagioglou, C., Forstmann, M., & Greitemeyer, T. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218789073 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Primes and Consequences: A Systematic Review of Meritocracy in Intergroup Relations
Madeira, F., Costa‐Lopes, R., Dovidio, J. F., Freitas, G. S., & Mascarenhas, M. F. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02007 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Kalla, J., & Porter, E. V. (2020) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123419000711 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Majority members misperceive even “win-win” diversity policies as unbeneficial to them.
Brown, N. D., & Jacoby-Senghor, D. S. (2021) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000372 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Perceptions of Racial Gaps, Their Causes, and Ways to Reduce ThemPreprint
Alesina, A., Ferroni, M. F., & Stantcheva, S. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.3386/w29245 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Callaghan, B., Harouni, L., Dupree, C. H., Kraus, M. W., & Richeson, J. A. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2108875118 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Reflections about intelligence over 40 years
Flynn, J. R. (2018) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2018.06.007 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Racially Distinctive Names Signal Both Race/Ethnicity and Social Class
Crabtree, C. D., Gaddis, S. M., Holbein, J. B., & Larsen, E. N. (2022) · Sociological Science · doi:10.15195/v9.a18 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
An intersectional approach to understanding how race and social class affect intergroup processes
Moore‐Berg, S. L., & Karpinski, A. (2018) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12426 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
If you rise, I fall: Equality is prevented by the misperception that it harms advantaged groups
Brown, N. D., Jacoby-Senghor, D. S., & Raymundo, I. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abm2385 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A review of White‐centering practices in multiracial research in social psychology
Garay, M. M., & Remedios, J. D. (2021) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12642 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Child development at the intersection of race and SES: An overview
Henry, D. A., Votruba‐Drzal, E., & Miller, P. L. (2019) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2019.05.002 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Inequality in People's MindsPreprint
Phillips, L. T., Tepper, S. J., Goya‐Tocchetto, D., Davidai, S., Ordabayeva, N., Mirza, M. U., Szászi, B., Day, M. V., Hauser, O., & Jachimowicz, J. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vawh9 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
High-Status Exemplars and the Misperception of the Asian-White Wealth Gap
Kuo, E. E., Kraus, M. W., & Richeson, J. A. (2019) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550619867940 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Rizzo, M. T., Green, E. R., Dunham, Y. C., Bruneau, E., & Rhodes, M. (2021) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13170 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Going Easy and Going After: Building Inspections and the Selective Allocation of Code Violations
Bartram, R. (2019) · City and Community · doi:10.1111/cico.12392 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Children's and adults' understanding of punishment and the criminal justice system
Dunlea, J. P., & Heiphetz, L. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103913 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The psychology of lay beliefs about economic mobility
Davidai, S., & Wienk, M. N. A. (2021) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12625 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
A framework for understanding effective allyship
Pietri, E. S., Moser, C. E., Derricks, V. S., & Johnson, I. R. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00359-0 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Browman, A. S., Destin, M., & Miele, D. B. (2021) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12481 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Culture and the COVID‐19 Pandemic: Multiple Mechanisms and Policy Implications
Kitayama, S., Camp, N. P., & Salvador, C. E. (2022) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12080 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Surviving While Black: Systemic Racism and Psychological Resilience
Jones, J. M. (2023) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-020822-052232 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“WOKE” DIVERSITY STRATEGIES: SCIENCE OR SENSATIONALISM?
Thomason, B., Opie, T. R., Livingston, B. A., & Sitzmann, T. (2023) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/amp.2022-0181 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Cooley, E., Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., Lei, R. F., & Cipolli, W. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000605 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A psychology of power that is embedded in societal structures
Kraus, M. W., & Torrez, B. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.018 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
McCall, L., & Orloff, A. S. (2017) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12316 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
A network-based explanation of inequality perceptions
Schulz, J., Mayerhoffer, D., & Gebhard, A. (2022) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2022.02.007 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Landscape-Based Extreme Heat Vulnerability Assessment
Hamstead, Z. A., Farmer, C. J. Q., & McPhearson, T. (2018) · Journal of Extreme Events · doi:10.1142/s2345737618500185 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Housing inequalities: Eviction patterns in Salt Lake County, Utah
Medina, R., Byrne, K., Brewer, S., & Nicolosi, E. (2020) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2020.102804 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Hennein, R., Tineo, P., Bonumwezi, J., Gorman, H., Tiako, M. J. N., & Lowe, S. R. (2021) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-021-07143-3 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Schwartz, H. M. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009029841.009 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Framing, Context, and the Misperception of Black–White Wealth Inequality
Kraus, M. W., Hudson, S. T. J., & Richeson, J. A. (2021) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506211020910 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Souto‐Manning, M. (2021) · Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/10901027.2020.1856240 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Allen, A. M., & Leach, C. W. (2018) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12271 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Carter, E. R., Brady, S. T., Murdock‐Perriera, L. A., Gilbertson, M. K., Ablorh, T., & Murphy, M. C. (2018) · Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/jts5.27 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hypocognition and the Invisibility of Social Privilege
Wu, K., & Dunning, D. A. (2020) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0882-614520200000037001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Are Progressives in Denial About Progress? Yes, but So Is Almost Everyone Else
Mitchell, G., & Tetlock, P. E. (2022) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221114315 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
How race influences perceptions of objectivity and hiring preferences
Torrez, B., Dupree, C. H., & Kraus, M. W. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104524 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Beliefs about minority representation in policing and support for diversification
Peyton, K., WEISS, C. M., & Vaughn, P. E. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2213986119 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Political Economies of Red States
Grumbach, J. M., Hacker, J. S., & Pierson, P. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009029841.008 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Racial equity in social psychological science: A guide for scholars, institutions, and the field
Torrez, B., Hudson, S. T. J., & Dupree, C. H. (2022) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12720 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Public recognition of climate change inequities within the United States
Schuldt, J. P., & Pearson, A. R. (2023) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-023-03594-1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Kteily, N., & McClanahan, K. J. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.030 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Thinking Structurally About Implicit Bias: Some Peril, Lots of Promise
Daumeyer, N. M., Rucker, J. M., & Richeson, J. A. (2017) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2017.1373556 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Talaifar, S., Buhrmester, M. D., Ayduk, Ö. N., & Swann, W. B. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620958003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Reminders of Japanese redress increase Asian American support for Black reparations
Kraus, M. W., & Vinluan, A. C. (2023) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-023-00033-w · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Greenland, K., West, K., & van Laar, C. (2022) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12902 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Understanding subjective inequality in China
Song, X. (2022) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcac047 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Misperception of Racial Economic InequalityPreprint
Kraus, M. W., Onyeador, I. N., Daumeyer, N. M., Rucker, J. M., & Richeson, J. A. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zu3bq · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Examining the replicability of online experiments selected by a decision market
Holzmeister, F., Johannesson, M., Camerer, C. F., Chen, Y., Ho, T., Hoogeveen, S., Huber, J., Imai, N., Imai, T., Jin, L. J., et al. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-02062-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Race and Redistribution in the United States: An Experimental Analysis
Akesson, J., Hahn, R. W., Metcalfe, R., & Rasooly, I. (2022) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w30426 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Harbin, M. B. (2023) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2023.2195365 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The cascade of social determinants in producing chronic disease in low-income African-American men
Buchanan, D. R., Gubrium, A., Scott, L., & Douglas, H. (2018) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2018.1549920 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A Prematurity Collaborative Birth Equity Consensus Statement for Mothers and Babies
Jackson, F. M., Rashied-Henry, K., Braveman, P., Dominguez, T. P., Ramos, D., Maseru, N., Darity, W., Waddell, L., Warne, D., Legaz, G., et al. (2020) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-020-02960-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Petzel, Z. W., & Sowerby, L. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108563 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Role of the Law in the American Political Economy
Rahman, K. S., & Thelen, K. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009029841.003 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Wilton, L. S., Sullivan, J. L., Albuja, A. F., & Perry, S. (2023) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12098 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Confronting White Ignorance: White Psychology and Rational Self‐Regulation
Glazer, T., & Liebow, N. (2020) · Journal of Social Philosophy · doi:10.1111/josp.12349 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Investigating the Health Consequences for White Americans Who Believe White Americans Are Wealthy
Cooley, E., Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., Lei, R. F., Philbrook, L. E., Cipolli, W., & McKee, S. E. (2020) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550620905219 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Temporal change in inequality perceptions and effects on political attitudes
Becker, B. (2020) · Political Research Exchange · doi:10.1080/2474736x.2020.1860652 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mattan, B. D., Barth, D. M., Thompson, A., FeldmanHall, O., Cloutier, J., & Kubota, J. T. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232369 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Americans' View of the Impact of COVID-19: Perspectives on Racial Impacts and Equity
Carman, K. G., Chandra, A., Miller, C., Nelson, C., & Williams, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law · doi:10.1215/03616878-9156033 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A dual‐process framework for diversity training to reduce discrimination in organizational settings
Gill, L. J., & Olson, M. A. (2023) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12094 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Responsiveness in interracial interactions
Shelton, J. N., Turetsky, K. M., & Park, Y. (2023) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101653 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Fourie, M. M., & Moore‐Berg, S. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.838675 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Psychological pathways linking income inequality in adolescence to well-being in adulthood
Park, L. E., Jung, H. Y., Lee, K. S., Ward, D. E., Piff, P. K., Whillans, A. V., & Naragon‐Gainey, K. (2020) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2020.1796777 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The United States as Radical Innovation Driver: The Politics of Declining Dominance?
Soskice, D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009029841.012 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Paek, J. J. W., Goya‐Tocchetto, D., & Wade‐Benzoni, K. A. (2024) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506231201684 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Pervasive and pernicious underestimation of Asian Americans' support for affirmative action
Alt, N. P., & Goh, J. X. (2024) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12398 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Social class predicts preference for competent politicians
Callaghan, B., Kraus, M. W., & Dovidio, J. F. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104298 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Black Lives Matter movement mitigates bias against racial minority actors
Lin, Y.-W., Yang, S., Han, W., & Lu, J. G. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2307726121 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Heterosis in COMT Val158Met Polymorphism Contributes to Sex-Differences in Children’s Math Anxiety
Júlio-Costa, A., Martins, A. A. S., Wood, G. M. D. O., Almeida, M. P., de Miranda, M., Haase, V. G., & Carvalho, M. R. S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01013 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yang, S., Xu, B., Yu, F., & Guo, Y. (2019) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1017/prp.2019.15 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The American Political Economy: A Framework and Agenda for Research
Hacker, J. S., Hertel‐Fernandez, A., Pierson, P., & Thelen, K. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009029841.001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mosley, A. J. (2024) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12110 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Valentino, L., & Yadon, N. D. (2022) · Social Currents · doi:10.1177/23294965221139845 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Beliefs About Linear Social Progress
Hur, J. D., & Ruttan, R. L. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672231158843 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Concentration and Commodification: The Political Economy of Postindustrialism in America and Beyond
Ansell, B. W., & Gingrich, J. R. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009029841.014 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Are we reaching gender parity among Palaeontology authors?Preprint
Warnock, R. C. M., Dunne, E. M., Giles, S., Saupe, E. E., Soul, L. C., & Lloyd, G. T. (2020) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/9puje · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kraus, M. W., Rucker, J. M., & Richeson, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2017-09-18
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 39
- Pages
- 10324-10331
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC5625917
- OpenAlex
- W2756364188
- Cited by
- 218
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 41.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2021-11-23)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Yale University (School of Management, Department of Psychology)
- National Science Foundation (Graduate Research Fellowship)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Race, History, and American Society
- Keywords
- racial economic inequality, black-white disparities, belief in a just world, self-serving bias, income distribution, racial attitudes
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Black or African American, Demography, Female, Humans, Male, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Vulnerable Populations, White People, Racism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
