A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of a School-Based Depression Prevention Program

Merry, Sally; McDOWELL, HEATHER; Wild, Chris J.; Bir, Julliet; Cunliffe, Rachel

doi:10.1097/00004583-200405000-00007

Cited by 249Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentSchool Health and Nursing EducationAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of a School-Based Depression Prevention Program

Merry, Sally, McDOWELL, HEATHER, Wild, Chris J., Bir, Julliet, Cunliffe, Rachel·2004·Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

DOI 10.1097/00004583-200405000-00007

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objective To conduct a placebo-controlled study of the effectiveness of a universal school-based depression prevention program.Method Three hundred ninety-two students age 13 to 15 from two schools were randomized to intervention (RAP-Kiwi) and placebo programs run by teachers. RAP-Kiwi was an 11-session manual-based program derived from cognitive-behavioral therapy. The placebo was similar but with cognitive components removed. Outcomes were self-rated depression scales, the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS), and the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). Follow-up was to 18 months. Analysis was done on an intent-to-treat basis.Results Immediately after the intervention, depression scores were reduced significantly more by RAP-Kiwi than by placebo, with a mean difference in change from baseline between groups of 1.5 on BDI-II (CI > 0.38, p =.01) and 2.24 on RADS (CI > 0.22, p =.04). Categorical analysis confirmed significant clinical benefit with an absolute risk reduction of 3% (95% CI, 1-11%, McNemar chi, p =.03), with the "number needed to treat" for short-term benefit of 33. Group differences in depression scores averaged across time to 18 months were significant on RADS but not on BDI-II. Retention rates were 91% at 6 months and 72% at 18 months.Conclusions The RAP-Kiwi program is a potentially effective public health measure. Confirmation of effectiveness measuring episodes of depressive illness and broader measures of adjustment is warranted.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/00004583-200405000-00007

Cites

39 of 39 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Successful adolescent psychopathology prevention programs have incurred high financial costs and relied on scarce resources such as teachers' classroom time or researchers for delivery.
“Furthermore, programs that have been successful in reducing psychopathology in adolescents have incurred high financial costs and relied on scarce resources, such as teachers’ classroom time or researchers for program delivery [15].”
From Feasibility and effectiveness of a web-based positive psychology program for youth mental health: Randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
Reported means in some trials, even those reporting statistical significance, suggest no clear advantage for the early intervention condition.
“Reported means in some trials, even those that reported statistical significance, suggest no clear advantage for the early intervention condition (e.g. Horowitz, Garber, Ciesla, Young, & Mufson, 2007; Merry, McDowell, Wild, Bir, & Cunliffe, 2004; Quayle, Dziurawiec, Roberts, Kane, & Ebsworthy, 2001).”
From A randomized controlled trial of strong minds: A school-based mental health program combining acceptance and commitment therapy and positive psychology (2016) · cites this paper as Merry et al., 2004

Gentleman R: R: A language for data analysis and graphics
Ihaka, R., & Gentleman, R. (1996) · Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics · doi:10.1080/10618600.1996.10474713 · Cited by 11,747 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1996) · Cited by 6,884 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM
Sackett, D. L. (2000) · Cited by 5,950 · see citing works
Untitled work
Schulz (1995) · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520290060030 · Cited by 5,634 · see citing works
Research confuses me: what is the difference between case-control and cohort studies in quantitative research?
Higgins, S. M. F., Macken, A. P., Cullen, W., Saunders, J., Dunne, C. P., & O’Gorman, C. S. (2013) · PubMed · doi:10.34961/9953 · Cited by 4,806 · see citing works
Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study
Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., McGee, R., & Angell, K. E. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.107.1.128 · Cited by 2,333 · see citing works
Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventive Intervention Research
(1994) · doi:10.17226/2139 · Cited by 2,073 · see citing works
The strategy of preventive medicine
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-5633 · Cited by 1,878 · see citing works
Health Risks and Developmental Transitions during Adolescence
Schulenberg, J. E., Maggs, J. L., & Hurrelmann, K. (1999) · Cited by 1,082 · see citing works
Evidence-based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM
Satya‐Murti, S. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550020100049 · Cited by 974 · see citing works
Targeted Prevention of Unipolar Depressive Disorder in an At-Risk Sample of High School Adolescents: A Randomized Trial of a Group Cognitive Intervention
Clarke, G. N., Hawkins, W., Murphy, M., Sheeber, L. B., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199503000-00016 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
A randomized trial of a group cognitive intervention for preventing depression in adolescent offspring of depressed parents
Clarke, G. N., Hornbrook, M., Lynch, F., Polen, M., Gale, J., Beardslee, W., O'Connor, E., & Seeley, J. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.12.1127 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Prevention of depressive symptoms in school children
Jaycox, L. H., Reivich, K. J., Gillham, J., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1994) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)90160-0 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
The Christchurch Health and Development Study: Review of Findings on Child and Adolescent Mental Health
Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2001) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00902.x · Cited by 423 · see citing works
The Efficacy of a Universal School-Based Program to Prevent Adolescent Depression
Shochet, I. M., Dadds, M. R., Holland, D. E., Whitefield, K., Harnett, P. H., & Osgarby, S. M. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3003_3 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
The Strategy of Preventive Medicine
Whincup, P. H. (1993) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.47.1.77 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
A Universal Prevention Trial of Anxiety and Depressive Symptomatology in Childhood: Preliminary Data from an Australian Study
Lowry-Webster, H. M., Barrett, P. M., & Dadds, M. R. (2001) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1375/bech.18.1.36 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
The prevention of depression and anxiety.
Seligman, M. E. P., Schulman, P., DeRubeis, R. J., & Hollon, S. D. (1999) · Prevention & Treatment · doi:10.1037/1522-3736.2.1.28a · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventive Intervention Research
Steiner, J. L. (1995) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.46.7.736 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Preventing adolescent depression: An evaluation of the Problem Solving For Life program.
Spence, S. H., Sheffield, J. K., & Donovan, C. L. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.1.3 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
The Powerful Placebo: From Ancient Priest to Modern Physician
Shapiro, A. K., & Shapiro, E. (1997) · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Preventing depressive symptoms in Chinese children.
Yu, D. L., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002) · Prevention & Treatment · doi:10.1037/1522-3736.5.1.59a · Cited by 196 · see citing works
School-Based Primary Prevention of Depressive Symptomatology in Adolescents
Clarke, G. N., Hawkins, W. E., Murphy, M., & Sheeber, L. (1993) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/074355489382004 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
The prevention of depressive symptoms in low-income minority middle school students.
Cardemil, E. V., Reivich, K. J., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002) · Prevention & Treatment · doi:10.1037/1522-3736.5.1.58a · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Examination of Children's Responses to Two Preventive Intervention Strategies Over Time
Beardslee, W. R., Wright, E. J., Salt, P., Drezner, K., Gladstone, T. R. G., Versage, E. M., & Rothberg, P. C. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199702000-00010 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Examination of preventive interventions for families with depression: Evidence of change
Beardslee, W. R., Versage, E. M., Wright, E. J., Salt, P., Rothberg, P. C., Drezner, K., & Gladstone, T. R. G. (1997) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579497001090 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The Effect of an Optimism and Lifeskills Program on Depressive Symptoms in Preadolescence
Quayle, D., Dziurawiec, S., Roberts, C., Kane, R., & Ebsworthy, G. (2001) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1375/bech.18.4.194 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Prevention of Depressive Symptoms in Schoolchildren: A Research Update
Gillham, J. E., & Reivich, K. J. (1999) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00188 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Reliability and Validity of the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale with Young Adolescents
Reynolds, W. M., & Mazza, J. J. (1998) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-4405(98)00010-7 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The Prevention of Depressive Symptoms in Children: The Immediate and Long-term Outcomes of a School-based Program
Pattison, C., & Lynd‐Stevenson, R. M. (2001) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1375/bech.18.2.92 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Mediating Effects of an Indicated Prevention Program for Reducing Youth Depression and Suicide Risk Behaviors
Thompson, E. A., Eggert, L. L., & Herting, J. R. (2000) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.2000.tb00990.x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Promoting mental health during the transition into adolescence.
Petersen, A. C., Leffert, N., Graham, B. E., & Alwin, J. (1997) · Cited by 69 · see citing works
School-Based Intervention to Promote Coping in Rural Teens
LAMB, J. M., Puskar, K. R., Sereika, S. M., & CORCORAN, M. (1998) · MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing · doi:10.1097/00005721-199807000-00005 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Depression in Young People: Clinical Practice Guidelines
(1997) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e510282012-001 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Powerful Placebo: From Ancient Priest to Modern Physician; Complementary Medicine: A Research Perspective
Oh, V. M. S. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7141.1396b · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Preventing depressive symptoms in school children
Gillham, J. E. (1994) · Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania) · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Prevention of depressive symptoms in adolescents: Issues of dissemination and mechanisms of change
Shatté, A. J. (1996) · Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania) · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of a School-Based, Cognitive-Behavioral Stress Management Program with Adolescents Reporting High and Low Levels of Emotional Arousal.
Hains, A. A. (1994) · The School counselor · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Clinically and theoretically derived WISC-R subtest regroupings: Predicting academic achievement in a referral population
Grossman, F. M., & Galvin, G. A. (1987) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/1520-6807(198704)24:2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 40 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

The Impact of Enhancing Students' Social and Emotional Learning: A Meta-Analysis of School-Based Universal Interventions
Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x · Cited by 8,746 · see citing works
Early Social-Emotional Functioning and Public Health: The Relationship Between Kindergarten Social Competence and Future Wellness
Jones, D. E., Greenberg, M., & Crowley, M. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302630 · Cited by 1,190 · see citing works
The prevention of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review
Horowitz, J. L., & Garber, J. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.3.401 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
“…0.03 (12 month) 0.03 (48 month) Problem Solving for life program: School-based program teaching cognitive restructuring and problem-solving skills Merry et al. (2004) U Years 9 and 10b students in New Zealand 364 13–14; M 14.2 52% Eleven sessions conducted in school 0.02 0.13 (6…”
BackgroundInfluential
School-based depression and anxiety prevention programs for young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Werner-Seidler, A., Perry, Y., Calear, A. L., Newby, J. M., & Christensen, H. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.005 · Cited by 773 · see citing works
“- Merry et al. 2004 New Zealand Universal 13-15 years 392 RAP-KIWI AC CBT + IPT Teacher 11 BDI-II + + ?”
Handbook of Positive Psychology in Schools
Barber, B. L., Abbott, B. D., Neira, C. J. B., & Eccles, J. S. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203106525 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
Systematic review of universal resilience-focused interventions targeting child and adolescent mental health in the school setting
Dray, J., Bowman, J., Campbell, E., Freund, M., Wolfenden, L., Hodder, R. K., McElwaine, K., Tremain, D., Bartlem, K., Bailey, J., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.07.780 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
A meta-analytic review of depression prevention programs for children and adolescents: factors that predict magnitude of intervention effects
Stice, E., Shaw, H., Bohon, C., Marti, C. N., & Rohde, P. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015168 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
“Merry et al., 2004 392 girls and boys Effectiveness trial of a universal schoolbased CBT and interpersonal therapy intervention delivered by teachers.”
Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Child and Adolescent Depression
David-Ferdon, C. F., & Kaslow, N. J. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410701817865 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
“Prevention trials would also be strengthened by including an active comparison condition and having adequate sample sizes to detect change (Merry et al., 2004).”
Background
Systematic review of school-based prevention and early intervention programs for depression
Calear, A. L., & Christensen, H. (2010) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.07.004 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
School-based prevention of depressive symptoms: A randomized controlled study of the effectiveness and specificity of the penn resiliency program.
Gillham, J. E., Reivich, K. J., Freres, D. R., Chaplin, T. M., Shatté, A. J., Samuels, B., Elkon, A. G. L., Litzinger, S., Lascher, M., Gallop, R., et al. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.1.9 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
The YouthMood Project: a cluster randomized controlled trial of an online cognitive behavioral program with adolescents
Calear, A. L., Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A., Griffiths, K. M., & O'Kearney, R. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017391 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
The Effect of the School Environment on the Emotional Health of Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Kidger, J., Araya, R., Donovan, J., & Gunnell, D. (2012) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2248 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Psychological and educational interventions for preventing depression in children and adolescents
Merry, S., Hetrick, S. E., Cox, G., Brudevold‐Iversen, T., Bir, J. J., & McDowell, H. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003380.pub3 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Self-citation
School-based depression and anxiety prevention programs: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis
Werner‐Seidler, A., Spanos, S., Calear, A. L., Perry, Y., Torok, M. H., O’Dea, B., Christensen, H. M., & Newby, J. M. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102079 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Preventing Depression Among Early Adolescents in the Primary Care Setting: A Randomized Controlled Study of the Penn Resiliency Program
Gillham, J. E., Hamilton, J. D., Freres, D. R., Patton, K., & Gallop, R. (2006) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-005-9014-7 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Computerised cognitive behavioural therapy for the prevention and treatment of depression and anxiety in children and adolescents: A systematic review
Richardson, T., Stallard, P., & Velleman, S. (2010) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0069-9 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
“For emotional problems, cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) can be an effective treatment for children and adolescents (Compton et al. 2004; Merry et al. 2004; Soler and Weatherall 2007).”
Background
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), third-wave CBT and interpersonal therapy (IPT) based interventions for preventing depression in children and adolescents
Hetrick, S. E., Cox, G., Witt, K., Bir, J. J., & Merry, S. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003380.pub4 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Self-citation
Child and Adolescent Depression: A Review of Theories, Evaluation Instruments, Prevention Programs, and Treatments
Bernaras, E., Jaureguizar, J., & Garaigordobil, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00543 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
School intervention for promoting psychological well-being in adolescence
Ruini, C., Ottolini, F., Tomba, E., Belaise, C., Albieri, E., Visani, D., Offidani, E., Caffo, E., & Fava, G. A. (2009) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.07.002 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
“Schoolbased interventions for preventing depression in youth (Clarke et al., 1995; Gillham et al., 2007; Merry, McDowell, Wild, Bir, & Cunliffe, 2004; Possel, Horn, Groen, Hautzinger, 2004), until now, were mainly focused on reducing symptoms.”
Background
Depression in Children and Adolescents
Garber, J. (2006) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.07.007 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
A Development and Evaluation Process for mHealth Interventions: Examples From New Zealand
Whittaker, R., Merry, S., Dorey, E., & Maddison, R. (2012) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2011.649103 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citation
The impact of trial stage, developer involvement and international transferability on universal social and emotional learning programme outcomes: A meta-analysis
Wigelsworth, M., Lendrum, A., Oldfield, J., Scott, A., ten Bokkel, I., Tate, K., & Emery, C. (2016) · Cambridge Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/0305764x.2016.1195791 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
eHealth interventions for the prevention of depression and anxiety in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Deady, M., Choi, I., Calvo, R. A., Glozier, N., Christensen, H., & Harvey, S. B. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1473-1 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Effects of positive youth development programs on school, family, and community systems
Durlak, J. A., Taylor, R. D., Kawashima, K., Pachan, M. K., DuPre, E. P., Celio, C. I., Berger, S. R., Dymnicki, A. B., & Weissberg, R. P. (2007) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-007-9112-5 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Prevention of depressive symptoms in adolescents: A randomized trial of cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal prevention programs.
Horowitz, J. L., Garber, J., Ciesla, J. A., Young, J. F., & Mufson, L. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.5.693 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
“Merry et al. (2004, 2006) asserted that an attentional control group is needed to address concerns about nonspecific factors, such as time to talk about problems with a caring adult.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Part and parcel of teaching? Secondary school staff's views on supporting student emotional health and well‐being
Kidger, J., Gunnell, D., Biddle, L., Campbell, R., & Donovan, J. (2010) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1080/01411920903249308 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
The FRIENDS Emotional Health Programme: Initial Findings from a School‐Based Project
Stallard, P. N., Simpson, N., Anderson, S. A., Hibbert, S., & Osborn, C. (2006) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2006.00421.x · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“Whilst this is encouraging, Merry et al. (2004) identified difficulties in using teachers to deliver mental health preventative programmes.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Research Review: Can we justify the widespread dissemination of universal, school‐based interventions for the prevention of depression among children and adolescents?
Spence, S. H., & Shortt, A. L. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01738.x · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Major depression can be prevented.
Muñoz, R. F., Beardslee, W. R., & Leykin, Y. (2012) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0027666 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Brief cognitive-behavioral depression prevention program for high-risk adolescents outperforms two alternative interventions: a randomized efficacy trial
Stice, E., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R., & Gau, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012645 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
A controlled trial of a school-based Internet program for reducing depressive symptoms in adolescent girls
O'Kearney, R., Kang, K., Christensen, H., & Griffiths, K. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20507 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“These programs show benefits particularly for youth with current symptoms or for those with a risk for depression.([4]) Their benefits when applied universally are less certain.”
Background
Evaluation of universal, indicated, and combined cognitive-behavioral approaches to the prevention of depression among adolescents.
Sheffield, J. K., Spence, S. H., Rapee, R. M., Kowalenko, N., Wignall, A., Davis, A., & McLoone, J. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.1.66 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
MEMO-a mobile phone depression prevention intervention for adolescents: development process and postprogram findings on acceptability from a randomized controlled trial
Whittaker, R., Merry, S., Stasiak, K., McDowell, H., Doherty, I., Shepherd, M., Dorey, E., Parag, V., Ameratunga, S., & Rodgers, A. (2012) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1857 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“A randomized placebo-controlled trial of a school-based depression prevention program (RAP-Kiwi) used manuals with instructions on CBT in graphics and text, and comprised 11 sessions delivered during the school day as one of the regular health classes for all students [18].”
Self-citation
School-based prevention programs for depression and anxiety in adolescence: a systematic review
Corrieri, S., Heider, D., Conrad, I., Blume, A., Konig, H.-H., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2014) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/dat001 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“C o rrieri et al. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/heapro/article-abstract/29/3/427/757792 by guest on 28 July 2018 Sheffield et al. (2006) Universal and indicated and combined Universal: CBT, cognitive-restructuring and problem solving skills, 8 weekly 45-min sessions by trained school staff; indicated: 8 wee…”
ResultInfluential
A Prospective Test of the Hopelessness Theory of Depression in Children
Gibb, B. E., & Alloy, L. B. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3502_10 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“cally included children no younger than fifth grade with the majority focusing on older youth (e.g., Clarke et al., 1995; Jaycox, Reivich, Gillham, & Seligman, 1994; Merry, McDowell, Wild, Bir, & Cunliffe, 2004; Pattison & Lynd-Stevenson, 2001; Possel, Horn, Groen, & Hautzinger, 2004; Roberts, Kane, Thompson, Bishop,…”
Committee on the Prevention of Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse Among Children, Youth, and Young Adults: Research Advances and Promising Interventions
PromisingInterventions, O’Connell, M. E., Boat, T. F., & Warner, K. E. (2009) · Cited by 159 · see citing works
School-based Mental Health Interventions Targeting Depression or Anxiety: A Meta-analysis of Rigorous Randomized Controlled Trials for School-aged Children and Adolescents
Zhang, Q., Wang, J., & Neitzel, A. J. (2022) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-022-01684-4 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“Targeted interventions may be difficult to apply at a large scale due to the tremendous amount of screening efforts required (Merry et al., 2004).”
Background
School-based prevention of depression and anxiety symptoms in early adolescence: A pilot of a parent intervention component.
Gillham, J. E., Reivich, K. J., Freres, D. R., Lascher, M., Litzinger, S., Shatté, A. J., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2006) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1521/scpq.2006.21.3.323 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Randomized trial of a brief depression prevention program: An elusive search for a psychosocial placebo control condition
Stice, E. M., Burton, E. M., Bearman, S. K., & Rohde, P. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.08.008 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Feasibility and effectiveness of a web-based positive psychology program for youth mental health: Randomized controlled trial
Manicavasagar, V., Horswood, D., Burckhardt, R., Lum, A., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., & Parker, G. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3176 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Adolescents’ views on preventing self-harm
Fortune, S. A., Sinclair, J., & Hawton, K. E. (2007) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0273-1 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“Evaluation of such programmes show they are effective [2, 20].”
Background
Efficacy trial of a brief cognitive-behavioral depression prevention program for high-risk adolescents: effects at 1- and 2-year follow-up
Stice, E., Rohde, P., Gau, J. M., & Wade, E. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020544 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Only two previous trials have provided evidence that group CB produces significantly greater reductions in depressive symptoms than alternative interventions do (Merry et al., 2004; Stice, Burton, et al., 2006), though these effects were observed only from pretest to posttest in these two prior trials.”
Cochrane Review: Psychological and educational interventions for preventing depression in children and adolescents
Merry, S., Hetrick, S. E., Cox, G., Brudevold‐Iversen, T., Bir, J. J., & McDowell, H. (2012) · Evidence-Based Child Health A Cochrane Review Journal · doi:10.1002/ebch.1867 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Prevention of Adolescent Depression
Gladstone, T. R. G., Beardslee, W. R., & O’Connor, E. (2011) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2010.11.015 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Classroom based cognitive behavioural therapy in reducing symptoms of depression in high risk adolescents: pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial
Stallard, P. N., Sayal, K. S., Phillips, R., Taylor, J. A., Spears, M. R., Anderson, R., Araya, R., Lewis, G., Millings, A., & Montgomery, A. A. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e6058 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Cognitive‐behavioral school‐based interventions for anxious and depressed youth: A meta‐analysis of outcomes.
Mychailyszyn, M. P., Brodman, D. M., Read, K. L., & Kendall, P. C. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2012.01279.x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
A randomized controlled trial of strong minds: A school-based mental health program combining acceptance and commitment therapy and positive psychology
Burckhardt, R., Manicavasagar, V., Batterham, P. J., & Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (2016) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2016.05.008 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“, Morrissey, S. A., & Boschen, M. J. (2014). A randomised controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive-behaviour therapy for generalised anxiety disorder.”
Background
Preventing Adolescent Depression in Mauritius: A Universal School‐Based Program
Rivet-Duval, E., Heriot, S., & Hunt, C. J. (2010) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2010.00584.x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Depression Prevention for Early Adolescent Girls
Chaplin, T. M., Gillham, J. E., Reivich, K. J., Elkon, A. G. L., Samuels, B., Freres, D. R., Winder, B., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2006) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431605282655 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“These programs are generally effective in reducing and preventing depression (Clarke, Hawkins, et al., 1995; Clarke, Hornbrook, et al., 2001; Merry, McDowell, Wild, Bir, & Cunliffe, 2004; Spence, Sheffield, & Donovan, 2003).”
Is behavioural activation effective in the treatment of depression in young people? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Tindall, L., Mikocka‐Walus, A. A., McMillan, D., Wright, B., Hewitt, C. E., & Gascoyne, S. (2017) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12121 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Clinicians' Attitudes Towards the Use of Computerized Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (cCBT) with Children and Adolescents
Stallard, P. N., Richardson, T. H., & Velleman, S. C. (2010) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465810000421 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“For such disorders, cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) has been found to be an effective treatment (Compton et al., 2004; Merry, McDowell, Wild, Bir and Cunliffe, 2004; Soler and Weatherall, 2007).”
Background
Improving prevention of depression and anxiety disorders: Repetitive negative thinking as a promising target
Topper, M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Ehring, T. (2010) · Applied and Preventive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appsy.2012.03.001 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Universal prevention for anxiety and depressive symptoms in children: a meta-analysis of randomized and cluster-randomized trials
Ahlen, J., Lenhard, F., & Ghaderi, A. (2015) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-015-0405-4 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Evaluation of a Group Cognitive-Behavioral Depression Prevention Program for Young Adolescents: A Randomized Effectiveness Trial
Gillham, J. E., Reivich, K. J., Brunwasser, S. M., Freres, D. R., Chajon, N. D., Kash-MacDonald, V. M., Chaplin, T. M., Abenavoli, R. M., Matlin, S. L., Gallop, R., et al. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.706517 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“In depression prevention studies that include more than one self-report measure, this kind of discrepancy is common (e.g., Horowitz, Garber, Ciesla, Young, & Mufson, 2007; Merry et al., 2004; Muñoz et al., 1995).”
Background
Do universal social and emotional learning programs for secondary school students enhance the competencies they address? A systematic review
van de Sande, M. C., Fekkes, M., Kocken, P., Diekstra, R. F. W., Reis, R., & Gravesteijn, C. (2019) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22307 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
A cluster randomised controlled trial to determine the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of classroom-based cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) in reducing symptoms of depression in high-risk adolescents
Stallard, P., Phillips, R., Montgomery, A., Spears, M., Anderson, R., Taylor, J., Araya, R., Lewis, G., Ukoumunne, O., Millings, A., et al. (2013) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta17470 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Three studies have demonstrated a reduction in symptoms of depression relative to a control group post intervention, and all have demonstrated good reach (> 70% of the eligible population) and low attrition (< 10%),(16,24,25) although sustained effects at long-term follow-up (12 months) were not assessed in two of the…”
Background
Adolescents’ Reactions to Universal and Indicated Prevention Programs for Depression: Perceived Stigma and Consumer Satisfaction
Rapee, R. M., Wignall, A., Sheffield, J., Kowalenko, N., Davis, A., McLoone, J., & Spence, S. H. (2006) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-006-0035-4 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“…this stage seems to favor indicated programs and many authors have agreed that the cost savings found with indicated programs makes these the most cost-effective methods of program delivery for the prevention of adolescent depression (Andrews et al., 2002; Clarke et al., 1995; Merry et al., 2004).”
Background
Adaptive School-based Implementation of CBT (ASIC): clustered-SMART for building an optimized adaptive implementation intervention to improve uptake of mental health interventions in schools
Kilbourne, A. M., Smith, S. N., Choi, S. Y., Koschmann, E., Liebrecht, C., Rusch, A., Abelson, J. L., Eisenberg, D., Himle, J. A., Fitzgerald, K. D., et al. (2018) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-018-0808-8 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a pragmatic school‐based universal intervention targeting student resilience protective factors in reducing mental health problems in adolescents
Dray, J., Bowman, J., Campbell, E. M., Freund, M., Hodder, R. K., Wolfenden, L., Richards, J., Leane, C., Green, S., Lecathelinais, C., et al. (2017) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.03.009 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“…al., 2008) or no differential effects (Araya et al., 2013; Buttigieg et al., 2015; Chaplin et al., 2006; Horowitz et al., 2007; Kindt et al., 2014; Merry et al., 2004; Roberts et al., 2010; Sawyer et al., 2010; Tak, Lichtwarck-Aschoff, Gillham, Van Zundert, & Engels, 2016; Tomba et al., 2010;…”
Background
Prevention of depression in childhood and adolescence
Mendelson, T., & Tandon, S. D. (2016) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2015.11.005 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Age Variability in the Association Between Heavy Episodic Drinking and Adolescent Suicide Attempts: Findings From a Large-Scale, School-Based Screening Program
Aseltine, R. H., Schilling, E. A., James, A., Glanovsky, J. L., & Jacobs, D. G. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318195bce8 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Reducing Anxiety to Prevent Depression
Flannery-Schroeder, E. C. (2006) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.07.006 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Jack Tizard Lecture: Cognitive Behaviour Therapies for Children: Passing Fashion or Here to Stay?
GRAHAM, P. J. (2005) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2005.00119.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The effectiveness of a school-based adolescent depression education program
Swartz, K. L., Kastelic, E. A., Hess, S. G., Cox, T. S., Gonzales, L. C., Mink, S. P., & Raymond DePaulo, J. (2010) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198107303313 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Collaborative for Academic, Social and Emotional Learning (CASEL)
Durlak, J. A., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., Weissberg, R. P., Schellinger, K. B., Dubois, D., Lipsey, M., Greenberg, M., & O’brien, M. U. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_69828 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Preventing anxiety and depression in adolescents: A randomised controlled trial of two school based Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy programmes
Wong, N., Kady, L., Mewton, L. R., Sunderland, M., & Andrews, G. (2014) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2014.05.004 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Prevention of depression: The state of the science at the beginning of the 21st Century
Barrera, A. Z., Torres, L. D., & Muñoz, R. F. (2007) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540260701797894 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Supporting adolescent emotional health in schools: a mixed methods study of student and staff views in England
Kidger, J., Donovan, J., Biddle, L., Campbell, R., & Gunnell, D. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-403 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“The first group aims to prevent or reduce emotional disorders such as depression and anxiety, by developing coping skills commonly used within psychiatry [ 11-13 ].”
Background
MEMO: an mHealth intervention to prevent the onset of depression in adolescents: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Whittaker, R., Stasiak, K., McDowell, H., Doherty, I., Shepherd, M., Chua, S., Dorey, E., Parag, V., Ameratunga, S., Rodgers, A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12753 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“It should be noted that the depression scores in both arms of the study dropped on all measures, and that the magnitude of effect was similar to the intervention arm of a previous study done by our group (Merry et al., 2004).”
Result
Where to go from here? An exploratory meta-analysis of the most promising approaches to depression prevention programs for children and adolescents
Hetrick, S., Cox, G., & Merry, S. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph120504758 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“It is salutary that its effectiveness was not shown in a real world trial [64].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
School-Based Curriculum to Improve Depression Literacy Among US Secondary School Students: A Randomized Effectiveness Trial
Swartz, K., Musci, R. J., Beaudry, M. B., Heley, K. M., Miller, L., Alfes, C., Townsend, L. D., Thornicroft, G., & Wilcox, H. C. (2017) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2017.304088 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Emotional well-being of children and adolescents
Choi, A. (2018) · OECD education working papers · doi:10.1787/41576fb2-en · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Attempting to prevent depression in youth: a systematic review of the evidence
Merry, S., & Spence, S. H. (2007) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2007.00030.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“The purpose of this review was to update the information on prevention and early intervention programmes for depression in adolescents, building on the Cochrane report and meta-analysis reported by Merry et al. (2004).13”
MethodSelf-citation
Computerised cognitive–behavioural therapy for depression in adolescents: feasibility results and 4-month outcomes of a UK randomised controlled trial
Wright, B., Tindall, L., Littlewood, E., Allgar, V. L., Abeles, P., Trépel, D., & Ali, S. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012834 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Prevention of depression in youth: A qualitative review and future suggestions
Sutton, J. M. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.014 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A Randomized Trial of the Positive Thoughts and Action Program for Depression Among Early Adolescents
McCarty, C. A., Violette, H. D., Duong, M. T., Cruz, R. A., & McCauley, E. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.782817 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Religiosity and Behavioral Health Outcomes of Adolescents Living in Disaster-Vulnerable Areas
Rose, T., Shields, J. J., Tueller, S., & Larson, S. L. (2014) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-014-9828-0 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Programs for the Prevention of Youth Depression: Evaluation of Efficacy, Effectiveness, and Readiness for Dissemination
Brunwasser, S. M., & Garber, J. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1020541 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“RAP also has been evaluated in two nonrandomized controlled trials (Harnett & Dadds, 2004; Shochet et al., 2001) and an RCT with only a placebo comparison condition (Merry et al., 2004).”
Method
A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial of a School-Based Resilience Intervention to Prevent Depressive Symptoms for Young Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Mixed Methods Analysis
Mackay, B., Shochet, I. M., & Orr, J. A. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3263-5 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“RAP-A is based on integral elements of CBT and Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT), both of which have developed a solid evidence base for the treatment of depression in young people (Clarke et al. 2001; Garber 2006; Garber et al. 2009a; Horowitz et al. 2007; Merry et al. 2004; RivetDuval et al. 2011).”
Method
Views of Young People in Rural Australia on SPARX, a Fantasy World Developed for New Zealand Youth With Depression
Cheek, C., Bridgman, H., Fleming, T., Cummings, E., Ellis, L., Lucassen, M. F., Shepherd, M., & Skinner, T. (2014) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/games.3183 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Early intervention with cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for young people with depression has been shown to be effective in reducing mental health symptoms [6-9].”
A survey of adolescents’ knowledge about depression
Hess, S. G., Cox, T. S., Gonzales, L. C., Kastelic, E. A., Mink, S. P., Rose, L. E., & Swartz, K. (2004) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2004.09.005 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“With regards to depression, however, we have ound no publication to date, describing a schoolased depression education program, although here are several reports of school based depression revention programs (Burns & Hickie, 2002; erry et al., 2004; Shochet et al., 2001; Oria, ureton, & Canham, 2001).”
BackgroundMethod
Resilience-oriented cognitive behavioral interventions for depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review
Ma, L., Zhang, Y., Huang, C. X., & Cui, Z. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.051 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Has Adolescent Suicidality Decreased in the United States? Data From Two National Samples of Adolescents Interviewed in 1995 and 2005
Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Ruggiero, K., McCart, M., Smith, D. W., Hanson, R. F., Resnick, H. S., de Arellano, M. D., Saunders, B. E., & Kilpatrick, D. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410903401146 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Preventing depression and promoting resilience: feasibility study of a school-based cognitive-behavioural intervention
Stallard, P. N., & Buck, R. (2013) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.119172 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Mindfulness and Social-Emotional Competencies: Proposing Connections Through a Review of the Research
Feuerborn, L. L., & Gueldner, B. A. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01101-1 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Positive Impact of Social and Emotional Learning for Kindergarten to Eighth-Grade Students
Payton, J. W., Weissberg, R. P., Durlak, J. A., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., Schellinger, K. B., & Pachan, M. K. (2008) · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Randomized controlled trial of a friendship skills intervention on adolescent depressive symptoms.
Rose, K., Hawes, D. J., & Hunt, C. J. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035827 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Universal and selective interventions to prevent poor mental health outcomes in young people: systematic review and meta-analysis
Salazar de Pablo, G., De Micheli, A., Solmi, M., Oliver, D., Catalan, A., Verdino, V., Di Maggio, L., Bonoldi, I., Radua, J., Baccaredda Boy, O., et al. (2021) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000294 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Universal School-Based Depression Prevention ‘Op Volle Kracht’: a Longitudinal Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Tak, Y. R., Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A., Gillham, J. E., Zundert, R. M. P. V., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0080-1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“In contrast to these results, some universal prevention programs showed long-term benefits from 4 months up to 18 months follow-up (Lock and Barrett 2003; Merry et al. 2004; Pössel et al. 2004; Pössel et al. 2013; Pössel et al. 2008; Shochet et al. 2001).”
BackgroundMethodResult
Perceived stigma and depression among black adolescents in outpatient treatment
Rose, T., Joe, S., & Lindsey, M. A. (2010) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.08.029 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Impact of comorbidity in prevention of adolescent depressive symptoms.
Pössel, P., Seemann, S., & Hautzinger, M. (2008) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.55.1.106 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Although in some studies, no gender effect was found (Chaplin et al., 2006; Clarke et al., 1993, second study; Merry et al., 2004; Shochet et al., 2001), in other studies, boys (Clarke et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Universal School-based Approaches to Preventing Adolescent Depression: Past Findings and Future Directions of the Resourceful Adolescent Program
Shochet, I. M., & Ham, D. (2004) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.1080/14623730.2004.9721935 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Merry et al (2004) concluded that, when delivered by teachers, RAP-Kiwi was effective in reducing depressive symptoms and was a potentially effective public health intervention.”
BackgroundMethod
Possibilities for Intervention in Adolescents’ and Young Adults’ Depression from a Public Health Perspective
Bramesfeld, A., Platt, L., & Schwartz, F. W. (2006) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.11.012 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Cross-Sectional Association between Diet Quality and Depressive Symptomology amongst Fijian Adolescents
Sinclair, R., Millar, L., Allender, S. E., Snowdon, W., Waqa, G., Jacka, F. N., Moodie, M., Petersen, S., & Swinburn, B. A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161709 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
A randomized trial to evaluate the course of effects of a program to prevent adolescent depressive symptoms over 12 months
Pössel, P., Adelson, J. L., & Hautzinger, M. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.09.010 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Although some of these studies reported no sex effects (Chaplin et al., 2006; Clarke et al., 1993 [second study reported]; Merry et al., 2004; Shochet et al., 2001), other studies differed as to whether boys (Clarke et al., 1993 [first study reported]; Shatté, 1996) or girls (Gillham, Hamilton,…”
BackgroundResult
Examining reward-seeking, negative self-beliefs and over-general autobiographical memory as mechanisms of change in classroom prevention programs for adolescent depression
Rice, F. J., Rawal, A., Riglin, L., Lewis, G., Lewis, G., & Dunsmuir, S. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.019 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC) Conceptual Model to Promote Mental Health for Adolescents with ASD
Shochet, I. M., Saggers, B. R., Carrington, S. B., Orr, J. A., Wurfl, A. M., Duncan, B. M., & Smith, C. L. (2016) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-016-0203-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“RAP-A is based on integral elements of CBT and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), both of which are supported as effective, evidence-based interventions for treating depression in young people (e.g. Clarke et al. 2001; Merry et al. 2004; Rivet-Duval et al. 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
What are the active ingredients in preventative interventions for depression?
Collins, K., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00143.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Effectiveness of the Adolescent Depression Awareness Program (ADAP) on depression literacy and mental health treatment
Beaudry, M. B., Swartz, K., Miller, L., Schweizer, B., Glazer, K., & Wilcox, H. (2019) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12725 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Study protocol RapMusicTherapy for emotion regulation in a school setting
Uhlig, S., Jansen, E., & Scherder, E. (2015) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735615608696 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Kiwi ACE : a school-based preventive depression programme
(13785505), B. R. W. (2025) · Figshare · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Efficacy of a Universal School-Based Program to Prevent Adolescent Depression
Shochet, I. M., Dadds, M. R., Holland, D. E., Whitefield, K., Harnett, P. H., & Osgarby, S. M. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3003_3 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Preventing Adolescent Depression With Sustainable Resources: Evaluation of a School-Based Universal Effectiveness Trial
Montague, R. (2003) · Griffith Research Online · doi:10.25904/1912/2483
Evaluation of a school-based cognitive–behavioral depression prevention program
Garmy, P., Clausson, E. K., Berg, A., Carlsson, K. S., & Jakobsson, U. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494817746537 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Building Depression Resilience in Adolescents: A 2-year Evaluation of the Resourceful Adolescent Program (RAP) in a South West Sydney High School
Petrovski, P., Matthey, S., & Clarke, L. (2003) · Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1017/s103729110000474x

Authors: Merry, S., McDOWELL, H., Wild, C. J., Bir, J., & Cunliffe, R.
Affiliations: University of Auckland (NZ)
Corresponding author: Merry, Sally
ORCID: Merry, Sally
Wild, Chris J.
Venue: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2004-05
Volume: 43
Issue: 5
Pages: 538-547
ISSN: 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200405000-00007
OpenAlex: W2088454316
Cited by: 249
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 16.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: the Health Research Council (99/039)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › School Health and Nursing Education
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: depression prevention, school-based intervention, adolescent depression, cognitive behavioral therapy, universal prevention programs, program retention, public health prevention
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Preventive Health Services, School Health Services, United States, Single-Blind Method

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of a School-Based Depression Prevention Program

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks