Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention in a Jail Drug Treatment Program.

May combine two claims.

A recent randomized trial comparing MBRP to contingency management showed greater reductions in stimulant use in the MBRP arm, particularly among those with depression and anxiety disorders.

“A recent randomized trial compared MBRP to contingency management and showed greater reductions in stimulant use in the MBRP arm, particularly among those with depression and anxiety disorders (Glasner et al., 2017).”

• cites Glasner et al., 2017 sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract and Introduction say the trial compared MBRP with health education while all participants received contingency management; it did not compare MBRP against contingency management. The Results report no significant overall difference in stimulant use between groups, but significantly lower odds of use with MBRP among participants with major depressive disorder or generalized anxiety disorder. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

An abbreviated mindfulness-based intervention with a non-clinical student population demonstrated improvements in mindfulness and positive affect compared to a control group, suggesting utility of broad application and feasibility of shortening the intervention.

“An abbreviated mindfulness-based intervention with a non-clinical student population demonstrated improvements in mindfulness and positive affect compared to a control group, suggesting the utility of a broad application and the feasibility of shortening the intervention (Demarzo et al., 2017).”

• cites Demarzo et al., 2017 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable, 1 not checked. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Two RCTs of MBRP as aftercare for patients who completed community treatment showed significantly greater reductions in substance use in the MBRP arm compared with treatment as usual and with cognitive behavioral treatment.

“Two randomized controlled trials of MBRP as aftercare for patients who had completed treatment in the community showed significantly greater reductions in substance use in the MBRP arm compared with treatment as usual (Bowen et al., 2009) and with cognitive behavioral treatment (Bowen et al., 2014).”

• cites Bowen et al., 2009 sourceSupported
• cites Bowen et al., 2014 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

TCU interventions are designed to be administered in substance use disorder treatment programs in various settings including jail-based treatment.

“TCU’s interventions are designed to be administered in substance use disorder treatment programs in a variety of settings including jail-based treatment.”

• cites Joe et al 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Methods describe the interventions as sessions delivered to treatment-program clients in criminal-justice settings, and the Discussion envisions their use in prison treatment and describes their use with probationers awaiting community-based drug treatment. The paper’s study sample, however, came from prison facilities; these passages do not establish that the interventions were designed for jail-based treatment specifically. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

In a smaller study of a similar population, MBRP led to fewer drug use days and lower addiction severity.

“In a smaller study of a similar population MBRP led to fewer drug use days and lower addiction severity (Witkiewitz, Brenna, & Bowen, 2013).”

• cites Witkiewitz, Brenna, & Bowen, 2013 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

TCU curricula are specifically designed to be mixed and matched to fit logistical and treatment needs in these settings.

“TCU curricula are specifically designed to be “mixed and matched” to fit logistical and treatment needs in these settings.”

• cites Joe et al 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion describes combining multiple TIC modules into a strategic treatment package guided by assessment and calls this a “plug-and-play” application. That supports “mixed and matched” to meet treatment needs, but our copy does not say the curricula were specifically designed to fit logistical needs; the Introduction only notes that the modules are brief, at 3–6 sessions. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A recent meta-analysis suggested that the benefits of MBRP over other treatments in reducing substance use may be limited.

“A recent meta-analysis has suggested that the benefits of MBRP over other treatments in reducing substance use may be limited (Grant et al. 2017).”

• cites Grant et al. 2017 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

In total, 88 men were enrolled in MBRP training and 101 men in the comparison condition.

“In total, 88 men were enrolled in MBRP training (experimental), and 101 men in the comparison condition.”

May combine two claims.

At baseline, anxiety, drug craving, and PTSD measures were significantly positively correlated with one another and negatively correlated with mindfulness as measured by the FFMQ and FMI.

“These measures were significantly positively correlated with one another and negatively correlated with mindfulness, as measured by the FFMQ and FMI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

At baseline, 35% of the sample met criteria for probable PTSD on the PTSD Symptom Scale, in line with Ruzich et al. (2014).

“At baseline, 35% of the sample met criteria for probable PTSD on the PTSD Symptom Scale, in line with the findings of Ruzich et al. (2014).”

• cites Ruzich et al. (2014) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

In both study arms, PTSD and craving scores declined while mindfulness scores on the Freiburg scale, though not the FFMQ, increased.

“In both study arms, PTSD and craving scores declined while mindfulness scores on the Freiburg scale, though not the FFMQ, increased.”

May combine two claims.

There were no significant differences between study arms in improvements in the other psychological outcomes, although the decline in anxiety and PTSD was greater in the experimental condition than the control condition.

“There were no significant differences between study arms in improvements in the other psychological outcomes, although the decline in anxiety and PTSD was greater in the experimental condition than the control condition.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Of 12 planned cohorts, 8 were completed: 3 experimental cohorts and 5 comparison cohorts.

“Of 12 planned cohorts, we were able to complete 8 (3 experimental cohorts and 5 comparison cohorts).”

May combine two claims.

MBRP with women referred by the criminal justice system reported significantly fewer drug use days and fewer legal and medical problems compared to a relapse prevention protocol.

“A study of effectiveness of MBRP with women referred by the criminal justice system reported significantly fewer drug use days and fewer legal and medical problems, compared to a relapse prevention protocol (Witkiewitz et al. 2014).”

• cites Witkiewitz et al. 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This measure of treatment integrity was adapted from Lane et al. (2004).

“This measure of treatment integrity was adapted from Lane et al.(2004).”

• cites Lane et al.(2004) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Additional psychosocial measures consisted of the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Penn Alcohol/Drug Craving Scale, and the PTSD Symptom Checklist.

“Additional psychosocial measures consisted of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck, Epstein, Brown, & Steer, 1988), the Penn Alcohol/Drug Craving Scale (Flannery, Volpecelli, & Pettinati, 1999) and the PTSD Symptom Checklist (Blanchard, Jones-Alexander, Buckley, &Forneris, 1996).”

• cites Beck, Epstein, Brown, & Steer, 1988 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Flannery, Volpecelli, & Pettinati, 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Blanchard, Jones-Alexander, Buckley, &Forneris, 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One study with an incarcerated population in the same treatment program found a prevalence rate of 21% probable PTSD.

“One study with an incarcerated population, in the same treatment program as the current study, found a prevalence rate of 21% of probable PTSD (Ruzich, Reichert, & Lurigio, 2014).”

• cites Ruzich, Reichert, & Lurigio, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

In the closed social environment of a jail, two participants receiving different treatments have opportunities to discuss the treatments, leading to contamination between study arms, and jail administration may not allow such an arrangement.

“In the closed social environment of a jail, two participants receiving different treatments have opportunities to discuss the treatments, leading to contamination between study arms, and jail administration may not allow such an arrangement.”

May combine two claims.

PTSD symptoms are not a barrier to prisoners volunteering for and benefiting from meditation.

“and PTSD symptoms are not a barrier to prisoners’ volunteering for and benefiting from meditation (Simpson et al., 2007).”

• cites Simpson et al., 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The planned order of 6 experimental and 6 control cohorts across the entire study was randomized with the resulting order E, C, C, E, E, C, C, E, E, C, E, C.

“The planned order of the 6 experimental [E] and 6 control [C] cohorts across the entire study was randomized with the resulting order: E, C, C, E, E, C, C, E, E, C, E, C.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study included an attention control group receiving a communications skills curriculum.

“We included an attention control group receiving a communications skills curriculum.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: No tests of mindfulness interventions in jails or prisons have included an active control group that could account for attention effects, or control for motivation to participate.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Assessment of treatment fidelity with randomly selected treatment and comparison cohorts included whether each task and learning objective outlined in the manual was completed by the facilitator for the given session, and the extent to which recommended interpersonal and group facilitation skills were utilized.

“In addition, assessment of treatment fidelity with randomly selected treatment and comparison cohorts included whether each task and learning objective outlined in the manual was completed by the facilitator for the given session, and the extent to which recommended interpersonal and group facilitation skills were utilized”

May combine two claims.

Using independent samples t-tests and chi-square comparisons at p=0.05, there were no statistically significant differences in demographic or psychosocial characteristics between treatment and comparison groups at baseline, suggesting the randomized cohort method was successful in creating equivalent groups.

“Using independent samples t-tests for continuous variable s and chi-square comparisons for categorical variables at the significance level of p=0.05, there were no statistically significant differences, in demographic or psychosocial characteristics between the treatment and comparison groups at baseline, suggesting that our randomized cohort method was successful in creating equivalent groups.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Participants were assigned to treatment versus comparison groups via a novel, cohort-based randomization process.

“Participants were assigned to the treatment vs comparison groups via a novel, cohort based randomization process, described below.”

May combine two claims.

A study of application of MBRP to a racially and ethnically diverse population of low-income women reported reduced alcohol and drug use and reduction of perceived stress.

“A study of application of MBRP to a racially and ethnically diverse population of low-income women reported reduced alcohol and drug use and reduction of perceived stress (Amaro et al., 2014).”

• cites Amaro et al., 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The 14-item Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory was administered.

“In addition, we administered the 14-item Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI) (Walach, Buchheld, Buttenmüller, Kleinknecht, & Schmidt, 2006)”

• cites Walach, Buchheld, Buttenmüller, Kleinknecht, & Schmidt, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Federal regulations governing research with prisoners discourage treatment as usual as a control, specifying that all prisoner research participants should directly benefit unless specific permission is granted.

“Federal regulations governing research with prisoners discourage treatment as usual as a control, specifying that all prisoner research participants should directly benefit from the study, unless specific permission is granted.1”

• cites [1] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

54 MBRP participants and 72 communication skill participants completed both baseline and follow-up measures, for an overall follow-up rate of 69%.

“Fifty-four (54) MBRP participants and 72 communication skill participants completed both baseline and follow-up measures for an overall follow-up rate of 69%.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mindfulness trainings for this mostly African American incarcerated population were conducted by a culturally competent African American male trainer from a socioeconomic background similar to the detainees.

“In contrast to many research studies, the mindfulness trainings for this mostly African American incarcerated population were conducted by a culturally competent African American male trainer from a socioeconomic background similar to the detainees.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: No studies with male substance users in jails that the authors are aware of have involved a culturally competent trainer of color from a similar background to that of the participants.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Mindfulness techniques are universal, but the way they are presented and taught may need to be adapted for men of color from urban communities.

“Finally, while mindfulness techniques are universal, the way that they are presented and taught may need to be adapted for men of color from urban communities (Amaro 2014)”

• cites Amaro 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Due to the trainers' schedules, the final order deviated from the planned randomization in that the eighth cohort was a comparison cohort rather than an experimental cohort.

“Due to the trainers’ schedules, the final order deviated from the planned randomization in that the eighth cohort was a comparison cohort rather than an experimental cohort.”

May combine two claims.

A common problem with many drug treatment programs is that effects are short-lived; multiple treatment episodes are often needed for lasting recovery, and relapse rates are high.

“A common problem with many drug treatment programs is that the effects are short-lived; multiple treatment episodes are often needed to achieve lasting recovery, and relapse rates are high (Vaillant, 1995).”

• cites Vaillant, 1995 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Mindfulness was measured by the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire short form.

“in this study mindfulness was measured by the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) (short form) (Bohlmeijer, Klooster, Fledderus, Veehof, & Baer, 2011)”

• cites Bohlmeijer, Klooster, Fledderus, Veehof, & Baer, 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Because delivery of different interventions at the same time was not feasible, participants were enrolled into experimental and comparison groups as randomized cohorts over time, of approximately 25 participants per cohort.

“Because, as noted above, delivery of different interventions at the same time was not feasible, we enrolled participants into the experimental and comparison groups as randomized cohorts over time, of approximately 25 participants per cohort.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

MBRP is structured similarly to MBSR and includes yoga, sitting, walking meditation, plus discussion of applying mindfulness to prevent drug and alcohol relapse.

“MBRP is structured similarly to Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (Kabat-Zinn 1982), and includes yoga, sitting, and walking meditation, with additional discussion of applying mindfulness to prevent drug and alcohol relapse (Bowen, Chawla, & Marlatt, 2011).”

• cites Kabat-Zinn 1982 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bowen, Chawla, & Marlatt, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The study was unable to adhere completely to the initial randomization plan; however, there were no significant differences on measured variables between the two treatment arms at baseline.

“We were unable to adhere completely to the initial randomization plan; however, there were no significant differences on measured variables between the two treatment arms at baseline.”

May combine two claims.

Results suggest the intervention may reduce symptoms of drug craving and PTSD.

“results suggest that it may reduce symptoms of drug craving and PTSD”

May combine two claims.

The statistical significance of this finding should be qualified in view of multiple comparisons, but it suggests the Freiberg measure may have been more responsive than the FFMQ with this population.

“While the statistical significance of this finding should be qualified in view of multiple comparisons made within these data, it suggests that the Freiberg measure may have been more responsive than the more commonly used FFMQ with this population.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Due to attrition, the expectation-maximization method was used to create maximum likelihood estimates and model psychological outcomes.

“Due to attrition between the pre and post tests, the expectation-maximization (EM) method was used to create maximum likelihood estimates and model psychological outcomes (Table 4).”

May combine two claims.

The novel cohort randomization process may be subject to history effects, but it permits a more robust comparison than treatment as usual, and is more feasible for a jail setting than randomization by participant.

“While this design may be subject to history effects, it permits a more robust comparison than treatment as usual, and is more feasible for a jail setting than randomization by participant.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The current study is the first to involve a culturally competent mindfulness trainer from the same background as many participants.

“The current study is the first to our knowledge to involve a culturally competent mindfulness trainer from the same background as many of the participants.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: No studies with male substance users in jails that the authors are aware of have involved a culturally competent trainer of color from a similar background to that of the participants.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

MBRP may be especially beneficial in jail because it is a very stressful environment and participants are likely to have abstained from alcohol and drug use for a period of time.

“MBRP may be especially beneficial in jail, because it is a very stressful environment and because participants are likely to have abstained from alcohol and drug use for a period of time.”

May combine two claims.

The follow-up rate of 69% was low, primarily because participants were released or transferred.

“Second, despite the fact that most participants had a court order to complete a treatment program, our follow up rate of 69% was low, primarily because participants were released or transferred.”