Cited by 180Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesAging, Health, and DisabilityAging and Gerontology Research

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Cognitive coping and depressive symptoms in the elderly: A longitudinal study

Kraaij, V., Pruymboom, E., Garnefski, N.·2002·Aging & Mental Health

DOI 10.1080/13607860220142387

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Abstract

The objective of the present longitudinal study was to examine the relationship between cognitive coping strategies and depressive symptoms at old age. At the two and a half year follow-up study, a community sample of 99 people aged 67 years and older filled out a self-report questionnaire comprising the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and a negative life events checklist. Cognitive coping strategies seemed to play an important role in relation to depressive symptoms in late life. Elderly persons with more depressive symptoms reported to use acceptance, rumination and catastrophizing to a significantly higher extent and positive reappraisal to a significantly lower extent than those with lower depression scores. After controlling for negative life events and prior depressive symptoms, acceptance and positive reappraisal retained their significant relationship with current depressive symptoms. It is suggested that intervention programs should pay attention to these aspects by challenging the 'maladaptive' strategies, and by supplying the more 'adaptive' strategies. This could be linked to the well-established cognitive therapies.

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“Moreover, some of the subcomponents of the scales have also been linked frequently to positive (mental) health outcomes (Garnefski et al., 2001; Kraaij et al., 2002; Garnefski and Kraaij, 2006b; Raut et al., 2014; Nowlan et al., 2015) and have been shown to be modifiable (Garland et al., 2009;…”
Background
The role of intrusion, avoidance, and cognitive coping strategies more than 50 years after war
Kraaij, V., & Garnefski, N. (2006) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800500412449 · Cited by 38
“In general, cognitive coping styles such as self-blame, catastrophizing, and rumination have been found to have a positive association with maladjustment, while positive reappraisal (thoughts of attaching a positive meaning to the event in terms of personal growth) has been found to have a negative association with ma…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Forgiveness and health-related quality of life in older people: Adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies as mediators
Rey, L., & Extremera, N. (2015) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105315589393 · Cited by 37
“In short, elderly persons with more depressive symptoms reported to use acceptance, rumination and catastrophizing to a significantly higher extent and positive reappraisal to a significantly lower extent than those with lower depression scores (Kraaij et al., 2002).”
Background
Emotion regulation strategies and difficulties in older adults: A systematic review
Sardella, A., Lenzo, V., Basile, G., Martino, G., & Quattropani, M. C. A. (2022) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2022.2128706 · Cited by 42
The peripartum human brain: Current understanding and future perspectives
Sacher, J., Chechko, N., Dannlowski, U., Walter, M., & Derntl, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100859 · Cited by 36
Electroconvulsive therapy modulates functional interactions between submodules of the emotion regulation network in major depressive disorder
Xu, J., Wei, Q., Bai, T., Wang, L., Li, X., He, Z., Wu, J., Hu, Q., Yang, X., Wang, C., et al. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00961-9 · Cited by 35
Cognitive coping and goal adjustment in people with Peripheral Arterial Disease: Relationships with depressive symptoms
Garnefski, N., Grol, M. J., Kraaij, V., & Hamming, J. F. (2008) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.11.009 · Cited by 35
“This cognitive strategy has been found to be related to lower levels of depressive symptoms, in general population samples as well as in people with a chronic disease [11,14,19,20,22–24].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Cognition and Depression
Girgus, J. S., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511841262.009 · Cited by 32
Emotion dysregulation as a cross-cutting target for inpatient psychiatric intervention
Fowler, J. C., Clapp, J. D., Madan, A., Allen, J. G., Oldham, J. M., & Frueh, B. C. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.043 · Cited by 29
Exposure to negative socio-emotional events induces sustained alteration of resting-state brain networks in older adults
Baez-Lugo, S., Deza-Araujo, Y. I., Maradan, C., Collette, F., Antoine Lutz, A., Marchant, N. L., Chételat, G., Vuilleumier, P. O., Klimecki, O., Arenaza‐Urquijo, E. M., et al. (2023) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-022-00341-6 · Cited by 31
“In contrast, maladaptive emotional reactivity and impaired emotion regulation are related to psychopathologies such as anxiety, depression, worry, and rumination throughout the lifespan 5,6 , including in aging 7 .”
Increasing Positive Emotion in Negative Contexts
McRae, K., & Mauss, I. B. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199977925.003.0011 · Cited by 41
Estratégias de enfrentamento, dificuldades funcionais e fatores associados em idosos institucionalizados
Vivan, A. D. S., & Argimon, I. I. D. L. (2009) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2009000200022 · Cited by 28
Psychometric properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) in Spanish older adults
Carvajal, B. P., Molina, M. Á., Fernández-Fernández, V., Paniagua-Granados, T., Lasa-Aristu, A., & Luque-Reca, O. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1870207 · Cited by 34
“On the other hand, the acceptance subscale did not positively correlate with depression as previously found among older adults (Kraaij et al., 2002) and general Spanish population (Dom ınguez-S anchez et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResult
Mindful vs. mind full: Processing strategies moderate the association between subjective aging experiences and depressive symptoms.
Dutt, A. J., Wahl, H., & Rupprecht, F. S. (2018) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000245 · Cited by 30
How does cognitive reserve impact on the relationships between mood, rumination, and cognitive function in later life?
Opdebeeck, C., Nelis, S. M., Quinn, C., & Clare, L. (2014) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.962005 · Cited by 33
Longitudinal Relations Between Emotion Regulation and Internalizing Symptoms in Emerging Adults During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Niu, X., Taylor, M. M., Wicks, J. J., Fassett-Carman, A. N., Moser, A. D., Neilson, C., Peterson, E. C., Kaiser, R. H., & Snyder, H. R. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10366-9 · Cited by 36
“The average effect sizes calculated from this prior research (Cheung & Ng, 2019; Garnefski et al., 2002, 2003, 2004; Kraaij et al., 2002; Kraaij, Garnefski, de Wilde, et al., 2003; Martin & Dahlen, 2005; Min et al., 2013; Orgeta & Orrell, 2014, 2014; Siu & Shek, 2010; Vollrath et al., 1996; Wang et al., 2014; Xu et al…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Age differences in emotion regulation strategy use and flexibility in daily life
Whitmoyer, P. R., Fisher, M. E., Duraney, E., Manzler, C. A., Isaacowitz, D., Andridge, R. R., & Prakash, R. (2023) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2023.2256245 · Cited by 23
“…appears to be a more effective strategy to regulate negative emotions than suppression or attention deployment (Lohani & Isaacowitz, 2014) and is associated with wide-ranging benefits, including enhanced mental health and overall well-being (Kraaij et al., 2002; nowlan et al., 2015, 2016).”
Background
An Internet-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy intervention for older adults with anxiety complaints: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial.
Witlox, M., Kraaij, V., Garnefski, N., de Waal, M. W. M., Smit, F., Hoencamp, E., Gussekloo, J., Bohlmeijer, E. T., & Spinhoven, P. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2731-3 · Cited by 23
Self-citation
Emotion Risk-Factor in Patients with Cardiac Diseases: The Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies, Positive Affect and Negative Affect (A Case-Control Study)
Bahremand, M., Alikhani, M., Zakiei, A., Janjani, P., & Aghaei, A. (2015) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v8n1p173 · Cited by 23
A Comparison of Single-Session Positive Reappraisal, Cognitive Restructuring and Supportive Counselling for Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
Nowlan, J. S., Wuthrich, V. M., Rapee, R. M., Kinsella, J. M., & Barker, G. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9737-x · Cited by 23
“Similarly, positive reappraisal has been significantly related to reductions in anxiety and depression (e.g. Garnefski and Kraaij 2006; Kraaij et al. 2002) and was one of the most important variables, along with catastrophising and self-blame, for distinguishing between adults (aged 18–68) with and…”
Background
Optimism and Coping Strategies Among Caucasian, Korean, and African American Older Women
Lee, H., & Mason, D. T. (2013) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2013.798327 · Cited by 22
The Effectiveness of Group Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on Emotion Cognitive Regulation Strategies in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum
Salimi, M., Mahdavi, A., Yeghaneh, S. S., Abedin, M., & Hajhosseini, M. (2019) · MAEDICA – a Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.26574/maedica.2019.14.3.240 · Cited by 21
A Pilot Study of Metacognitive Training (D-MCT) for Older Adults with Depression
Schneider, B. C., Bücker, L., Riker, S., Karamatskos, E., & Jelinek, L. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024/1016-264x/a000210 · Cited by 21
Perceived Control and Coping in Women Faced with Activity Restriction due to Osteoarthritis: Relations to Anxious and Depressive Symptoms
Rivard, V., & Cappeliez, P. (2007) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.3138/cja.26.3.241 · Cited by 22
Can depression in psychogeriatric inpatients at one year follow-up be explained by locus of control and coping strategies?
Bjørkløf, G. H., Engedal, K., Selbæk, G., Maia, D. B., Borza, T., Benth, J. Š., & Helvik, A. (2017) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1262817 · Cited by 19
Stress-management methods of the community-dwelling elderly in Hong Kong
Kwong, E. W. Y., & Kwan, A. Y. (2004) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2004.02.007 · Cited by 19
Emotion regulation and the late positive potential (LPP) in older adults
Meynadasy, M. A., Brush, C. J., Sheffler, J., Mach, R. J., Carr, D. C., Kiosses, D. N., Hajcak, G., & Sachs‐Ericsson, N. (2022) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.05.013 · Cited by 18
Do Cognitive Coping and Goal Adjustment Strategies Used Shortly After Myocardial Infarction Predict Depressive Outcomes 1 Year Later?
Garnefski, N., & Kraaji, V. (2010) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0b013e3181d298ca · Cited by 18
Self-citation
Distinguishing worry from rumination in older people: A preliminary investigation
Rewston, C., Clarke, C., Moniz-Cook, E. D., & Waddington, R. (2007) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860701529619 · Cited by 17
“There is an emerging literature suggesting a link between rumination and late–life depression (Kraaij et al., 2002; Thomsen et al., 2005) but the specific features of rumination in later life have yet to be properly understood.”
Background
The Relationship between Cognitive Emotion-Regulation Strategies and Resiliency in Advanced Patients with Cancer
Baghjari, F., سعادتی, ه., & Esmaeilinasab, M. (2017) · International Journal of Cancer Management · doi:10.5812/ijcm.7443 · Cited by 17
Mental Health and Social Connectedness Across the Adult Lifespan in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Gregory, M. A., Legg, N. K., Senay, Z., Barden, J.-L., Phiri, P., Rathod, S., Turner, B. J., & Paterson, T. S. E. (2021) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980821000477 · Cited by 20
“Disparities in efficiency of active coping across the lifespan (e.g., Blanchard-Fields, 2007; Kraaij, Pruymboom, & Garnefski, 2002; Phillips, Henry, Hosie, & Milne, 2008) may help explain why older adults are experiencing less loneliness and resultant negative mental health consequences relative to…”
Coping Styles for Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Orgeta, V., & Orrell, M. W. (2014) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2014.907590 · Cited by 15

Authors: Kraaij, V., Pruymboom, E., & Garnefski, N.
Affiliations: Leiden University (NL)
ORCID: Kraaij, V.
Garnefski, N.
Venue: Aging & Mental Health
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2002-08
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
Pages: 275-281
ISSN: 1360-7863 (ISSN-L)
1364-6915
DOI: 10.1080/13607860220142387
OpenAlex: W2072440894
Cited by: 180
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 2.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Aging & Mental Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Keywords: cognitive coping, depressive symptoms, older adults, geriatric depression, acceptance, rumination, catastrophizing, positive reappraisal, negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation, maladaptive coping, cognitive therapy
MeSH terms: Activities of Daily Living, Adaptation, Psychological, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Defense Mechanisms, Depression, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Problem Solving, Social Environment, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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Cognitive coping and depressive symptoms in the elderly: A longitudinal study

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