Gender effects on components of burden and depression among dementia caregivers
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Previous literature has examined burden and depression predominately as unitary constructs in relation to dementia caregiving. No studies thus far have examined gender differences in the specific components of burden and depression in dementia caregivers. The current study examined whether empirically validated dimensions of caregiver burden differed by gender for dementia caregivers. METHODS: The sample consisted of 211 dementia caregivers enrolled in a longitudinal intervention study. Only baseline functioning was evaluated in this study. Levels of burden were assessed using the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), and levels of depression were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). RESULTS: Factor analysis revealed three facets of burden: impact of caregiving on the caregivers' lives, guilt, and frustration/embarrassment, and four facets of depression: depressed affect, somatic activity, positive affect, and interpersonal feelings. Overall burden (p < .001) and impact of caregiving on the caregivers' life (p < .001) were significantly higher in females. Overall levels of depression (p = .018), somatic and retarded activity (p = .018), depressed affect (p = .005), and positive affect (p = .012) were significantly higher in females. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that distressed male and female dementia caregivers experience caregiving differently. Results from this study could be used to identify gender-specific interventions related to subtypes of burden and depression to optimize quality of life for caregivers.
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Prior research suggests female carers spend more time caregiving and have multiple conflicting roles, resulting in greater psychological distress than male carers.
“Prior research suggests that female carers tend to spend more time in caregiving and often have to play multiple conflicting roles 57 resulting in greater psychological distress compared to male carers 11,58,59 .”
From Anxiety in Informal Dementia Carers: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence (2020) · cites this paper as [59]
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- Authors
- Pillemer, S., Davis, J., & Tremont, G.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tremont, Geoffrey
- Venue
- Aging & Mental Health
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-06-12
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1162-1167
- ISSN
- 1360-7863 (ISSN-L)
- 1364-6915
- PMC
- PMC6107424
- OpenAlex
- W2626221821
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 4.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2018-12-10)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Aging & Mental Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Nursing Research (NR010559)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Nursing care and research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
- Keywords
- dementia caregiving, caregiver burden, depression, gender differences, Zarit Burden Interview, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, guilt, depressive affect, somatic symptoms, positive affect, caregiver quality of life
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Dementia, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Factors, Caregivers, Cost of Illness
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