Gender differences in caregiving among family - caregivers of people with mental illnesses

Sharma, Nidhi; Chakrabarti, Subho; Grover, Sandeep

doi:10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.7

Cited by 865Family Caregiving in Mental IllnessNursing care and researchIntergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving

Gender differences in caregiving among family - caregivers of people with mental illnesses

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Sharma, Nidhi, Chakrabarti, Subho, Grover, Sandeep·2016·World Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.7PMC PMC4804270

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Abstract

All over the world women are the predominant providers of informal care for family members with chronic medical conditions or disabilities, including the elderly and adults with mental illnesses. It has been suggested that there are several societal and cultural demands on women to adopt the role of a family-caregiver. Stress-coping theories propose that women are more likely to be exposed to caregiving stressors, and are likely to perceive, report and cope with these stressors differently from men. Many studies, which have examined gender differences among family-caregivers of people with mental illnesses, have concluded that women spend more time in providing care and carry out personal-care tasks more often than men. These studies have also found that women experience greater mental and physical strain, greater caregiver-burden, and higher levels of psychological distress while providing care. However, almost an equal number of studies have not found any differences between men and women on these aspects. This has led to the view that though there may be certain differences between male and female caregivers, most of these are small in magnitude and of doubtful clinical significance. Accordingly, caregiver-gender is thought to explain only a minor proportion of the variance in negative caregiving outcomes. A similar inconsistency characterizes the explanations provided for gender differences in caregiving such as role expectations, differences in stress, coping and social support, and response biases in reporting distress. Apart from the equivocal and inconsistent evidence, there are other problems in the literature on gender differences in caregiving. Most of the evidence has been derived from studies on caregivers of elderly people who either suffer from dementia or other physical conditions. Similar research on other mental illnesses such as schizophrenia or mood disorders is relatively scarce. With changing demographics and social norms men are increasingly assuming roles as caregivers. However, the experience of men while providing care has not been explored adequately. The impact of gender on caregiving outcomes may be mediated by several other variables including patient-related factors, socio-demographic variables, and effects of kinship status, culture and ethnicity, but these have seldom been considered in the research on gender differences. Finally, it is apparent that methodological variations in samples, designs and assessments between studies contribute a great deal to the observed gender differences. This review highlights all these issues and concludes that there is much need for further research in this area if the true nature of gender differences in family-caregiving of mental illnesses is to be discerned.

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The role of informal caregiving is mostly assumed by females in a wide array of conditions including advanced cancer.
“the burgeoning recent literature on informal caregiving has highlighted that this role is mostly assumed by females in a wide array of conditions including advanced cancer [28,29,30,31].”
From Failures in Reflective Functioning and Reported Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Bereaved Individuals: A Study on a Sample of Family Caregivers of Palliative Care Patients (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
The section “Women predominate among caregivers of the elderly” reports that women make up 57%–81% of caregivers of older people across estimates from different countries. It describes recipients with dementia and other physical or mental conditions, but does not establish the claim for advanced cancer specifically. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Prior research suggests female carers spend more time caregiving and have multiple conflicting roles, resulting in greater psychological distress than male carers.
“Prior research suggests that female carers tend to spend more time in caregiving and often have to play multiple conflicting roles 57 resulting in greater psychological distress compared to male carers 11,58,59 .”
From Anxiety in Informal Dementia Carers: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence (2020) · cites this paper as [57]
Prior literature indicates that factors such as time spent caregiving, role conflicts, and types of caregiving tasks may affect psychological difficulties in carers.
“The current literature also highlights that there may be some other potential factors which may have an impact on psychological difficulties experienced by carers such as the time spent on caregiving, role conflicts (e.g., being mother, employee, and carer), and types of caregiving tasks involved (i.e., the level of impairment and independence) 57 .”
From Anxiety in Informal Dementia Carers: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence (2020) · cites this paper as [57]

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Authors: Sharma, N., Chakrabarti, S., & Grover, S.
Affiliations: Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (IN)
Corresponding author: Chakrabarti, Subho
ORCID: Sharma, Nidhi
Chakrabarti, Subho
Grover, Sandeep
Venue: World Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
Published: 2016
Volume: 6
Issue: 1
Pages: 7
ISSN: 2220-3206 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.7
PMC: PMC4804270
OpenAlex: W2311849209
Cited by: 865
References: 123
Citations by year: 2026: 119 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 121 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 3
FWCI: 43.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
Locations: World Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Nursing care and research
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving
Keywords: gender differences, family caregivers, mental illness, informal care, caregiver burden, psychological distress, caregiving stress, stress coping, schizophrenia, mood disorders, role expectations, social support, response bias

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