Pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder in adult and pediatric patients: an evidence-based treatment review

Strawn, Jeffrey R.; Geracioti, Laura; Rajdev, Neil; Clemenza, Kelly; Levine, Amir

doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1491966

Cited by 214Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesTreatment of Major DepressionMedicinal Plant Extracts Effects

Pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder in adult and pediatric patients: an evidence-based treatment review

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Strawn, Jeffrey R., Geracioti, Laura, Rajdev, Neil, Clemenza, Kelly, Levine, Amir·2018·Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

DOI 10.1080/14656566.2018.1491966PMC PMC6340395

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Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) often begins during adolescence or early adulthood and persists throughout the lifespan. Randomized controlled trials support the efficacy of selective serotonin and selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs and SNRIs, respectively), as well as benzodiazepines, azapirones, anti-adrenergic medications, melatonin analogs, second-generation antipsychotics, kava, and lavender oil in GAD. However, psychopharmacologic treatment selection requires clinicians to consider multiple factors, including age, co-morbidity, and prior treatment. Areas covered: The authors review the literature concerning pharmacotherapy for pediatric and adult patients with GAD with specific commentary on the efficacy and tolerability of selected agents in these age groups. The authors describe an algorithmic approach to the pediatric and adult patient with GAD and highlight considerations for the use of selected medications in these patients. Expert opinion: In adults with GAD, SSRIs and SNRIs represent the first-line psychopharmacologic treatment while second-line pharmacotherapies include buspirone, benzodiazepines, SGAs, and pregabalin. In pediatric patients with GAD, SSRIs should be considered the first line pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy enhances antidepressant response.

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Research on tricyclic antidepressants, beta-adrenergic blockers, benzodiazepines, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors for children with SAD is limited.
“However, research on these medications for this population is limited, and their use is generally not preferred over SSRIs and SNRIs and should only be used with great caution and close monitoring in this population because of the adverse side effect profile [31,34,35].”
From The risks versus the benefits of pharmacological intervention in social anxiety disorder in children (2025) · cites this paper as [31]
The Benzodiazepines section (page unavailable) says studies in youth with GAD are limited and describes one small study including children with social anxiety disorder and/or GAD. The review does not establish that research on all four named drug classes is limited specifically for children with social anxiety disorder; its discussion of MAOI trials concerns adults, and it does not provide comparable evidence for beta-blockers or TCAs in that population. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Second-line treatments for SAD in children include serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).
“Second-line treatments include serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) [31,32].”
From The risks versus the benefits of pharmacological intervention in social anxiety disorder in children (2025) · cites this paper as [31]
The Expert opinion > Synthesis of data section says SNRIs may be considered second-line treatment in pediatric patients, in a discussion of GAD and related anxiety disorders. It does not specifically make that second-line recommendation for children with SAD. The SNRI section mentions social anxiety disorder as an approved indication for venlafaxine, but does not establish the claimed pediatric treatment ranking. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Bielski, R. J., Bose, A., & Chang, C.-C. (2005) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10401230590932326 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Pharmacological Differences of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Possible Clinical Relevance
Leonard, B. E. (1992) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-199200432-00003 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The Impact of Antidepressant Dose and Class on Treatment Response in Pediatric Anxiety Disorders: A Meta-Analysis
Strawn, J. R., Mills, J. A., Sauley, B. A., & Welge, J. A. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.01.015 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citation
Agomelatine Prevents Relapse in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A 6-Month Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Discontinuation Study
Stein, D. J., Ahokas, A., Albarran, C., Olivier, V., & Allgulander, C. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.11m07493 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
An Open-Label Trial of Risperidone Augmentation for Refractory Anxiety Disorders
Simon, N. M., Hoge, E. A., Fischmann, D., Worthington, J. J., Christian, K. M., Kinrys, G., & Pollack, M. H. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v67n0307 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
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Serum concentrations of sertraline and N-desmethyl sertraline in relation to CYP2C19 genotype in psychiatric patients
Rudberg, I., Hermann, M., Refsum, H., & Molden, E. (2008) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-008-0533-3 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Assessment of Combined Clonazepam With Paroxetine Compared With Paroxetine Monotherapy for Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder
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Pharmacological treatment for generalized anxiety disorder in adults: an update
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Mirtazapine in Major Depression With Comorbid Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Goodnick, P. J., Puig, A., DeVane, C. L., & Freund, B. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v60n0705 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Vortioxetine (Lu AA21004) in generalized anxiety disorder: Results of an 8-week, multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Bidzan, L., Mahableshwarkar, A. R., Jacobsen, P. L., Yan, M., & Sheehan, D. V. (2012) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.012 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Duloxetine treatment for relapse prevention in adults with generalized anxiety disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
Davidson, J., Wittchen, H., Llorca, P., Erickson, J., Detke, M., Ball, S., & Russell, J. M. (2008) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.05.002 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study: Evaluating Safety
Rynn, M. A., Walkup, J. T., Compton, S. N., Sakolsky, D. J., Sherrill, J. T., Shen, S., Kendall, P. C., McCracken, J. T., Albano, A. M., Piacentini, J. C., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.12.015 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Efficacy and tolerability of extended release quetiapine fumarate monotherapy in the acute treatment of generalized anxiety disorder
Merideth, C., Cutler, A. J., She, F., & Eriksson, H. (2011) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0b013e32834d9f49 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Agomelatine in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: An Active Comparator and Placebo-Controlled Study
Stein, D. J., Ahokas, A., Márquez, M. S., Höschl, C., Oh, K. S., Jarema, M., Avedisova, A. S., Albarran, C., & Olivier, V. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.13m08433 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Mirtazapine treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: a fixed dose, open label study
Gambi, F., Berardis, D. D., Campanella, D., Carano, A., Sepede, G., Salini, G., Mezzano, D., Cicconetti, A., Penna, L. L., Salerno, R. M., et al. (2005) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881105056527 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Time to relapse after 6 and 12 months' treatment of generalized anxiety disorder with venlafaxine extended release
Rickels, K., Etemad, B., Khalid-Khan, S., Lohoff, F. W., Rynn, M. A., & Gallop, R. J. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.170 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The Relevance of Pharmacokinetic Studies in Designing Efficacy Trials in Juvenile Major Depression
Findling, R. L., McNamara, N. K., Stansbrey, R. J., Feeny, N. C., Young, C. M., Peric, F. V., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2006) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2006.16.131 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Review: A psychopharmacological treatment algorithm for generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)
Davidson, J., Zhang, W., Connor, K., Ji, J., Jobson, K. O., Lecrubier, Y., McFARLANE, A. C., Newport, D. J., Nutt, D., Osser, D. N., et al. (2008) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881108096505 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
A Meta‐Analysis of Prognostic Indicators to Predict Seizures, Arrhythmias or Death After Tricyclic Antidepressant Overdose
Bailey, B., Buckley, N. A., & Amre, D. K. (2004) · Journal of Toxicology Clinical Toxicology · doi:10.1081/clt-200035286 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Vortioxetine, a multimodal antidepressant for generalized anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Pae, C., Wang, S., Han, C., Lee, S.-J., Patkar, A. A., Masand, P. S., & Serretti, A. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.017 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Aripiprazole as Augmentation Treatment of Refractory Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder
Hoge, E. A., Worthington, J. J., Kaufman, R. E., Delong, H. R., Pollack, M. H., & Simon, N. M. (2008) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s109285290001676x · Cited by 58 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Two open-label studies of low-dose aripiprazole in adults with treatment-resistant GAD suggest that adjunctive aripiprazole is associated with significant improvement in terms of CGI and is generally well-tolerated, although a minority of patients discontinued treatment due to side effects [104,105].”
Background
The treatment of generalized anxiety disorder with pregabalin, an atypical anxiolytic
Strawn, J. R., & Geracioti, T. D. (2007) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/nedt.2007.3.2.237 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
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Psychopharmacologic Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Anxiety Disorders
Strawn, J. R., Sakolsky, D. J., & Rynn, M. A. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2012.05.003 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
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The Role of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Depression Treatment Guidelines
Thase, M. E. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.11096su1c.02 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Vortioxetine (Lu AA21004) 5 mg in generalized anxiety disorder: Results of an 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in the United States
Rothschild, A. J., Mahableshwarkar, A. R., Jacobsen, P. L., Yan, M., & Sheehan, D. V. (2012) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.011 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Extended Release Guanfacine in Pediatric Anxiety Disorders: A Pilot, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Strawn, J. R., Compton, S. N., Robertson, B., Albano, A. M., Hamdani, M., & Rynn, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2016.0132 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
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A placebo-controlled study of Kava kava in generalized anxiety disorder
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2002) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-200207000-00005 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, duloxetine-referenced study of the efficacy and tolerability of vortioxetine in the acute treatment of adults with generalised anxiety disorder
Mahableshwarkar, A. R., Jacobsen, P. L., Chen, Y., & Simon, J. S. (2013) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.12328 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Buspirone in Children and Adolescents with Anxiety: A Review and Bayesian Analysis of Abandoned Randomized Controlled Trials
Strawn, J. R., Mills, J. A., Cornwall, G. J., Mossman, S. A., Varney, S. T., Keeshin, B. R., & Croarkin, P. E. (2017) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2017.0060 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
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An Open-Label Trial of Aripiprazole Augmentation for Treatment-Resistant Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Menza, M. A., Dobkin, R. D., & Marín, H. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000248620.34541.bc · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Efficacy of Silexan in subthreshold anxiety: meta-analysis of randomised, placebo-controlled trials
Möller, H., Volz, H., Dienel, A., Schläfke, S., & Kasper, S. F. (2017) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-017-0852-4 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in the treatment of older adult patients with generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Alaka, K., Noble, W. C., Montejo, A. L., Dueñas, H., Munshi, A., Strawn, J. R., Lenox‐Smith, A., AHL, J. S. B., Bidzan, L., Dorn, B., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4088 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citation
Tiagabine in Adult Patients With Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Pollack, M. H., Tiller, J., Xie, F., & Trivedi, M. H. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e318172b45f · Cited by 46 · see citing works
A re‐evaluation of kava (Piper methysticum)
Ernst, E. (2007) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02932.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A DOUBLE‐BLIND, RANDOMIZED, PLACEBO‐CONTROLLED, FIXED‐DOSE PHASE III STUDY OF VILAZODONE IN PATIENTS WITH GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
Gommoll, C., Durgam, S., Mathews, M., Forero, G., Núñez, R., Tang, X., & Thase, M. E. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22365 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Agomelatine, a melatonin agonist with antidepressant properties
Dubovsky, S. L., & Warren, C. (2009) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543780903292634 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Pregabalin in the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Boschen, M. J. (2011) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371105600907 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Double‐blind, randomized study of extended release quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine XR) monotherapy in older patients with generalized anxiety disorder
Mezhebovsky, I., Mägi, K., She, F., Datto, C. J., & Eriksson, H. (2012) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.3867 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Citalopram and Other Selective Serotonergic Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)
Baumann, P. (1992) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-199206005-00002 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Tiagabine in anxiety disorders
Schwartz, T. L., & Nihalani, N. D. (2006) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.7.14.1977 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Efficacy and safety of agomelatine (10 or 25 mg/day) in non-depressed out-patients with generalized anxiety disorder: A 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Stein, D. J., Ahokas, A., Jarema, M., Аведисова, А. С., Vavrusova, L., Чабан, О., Gruget, C., Olivier, V., Picarel-Blanchot, F., & de Bodinat, C. (2017) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.02.007 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Open-label Pilot Study of Ziprasidone for Refractory Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Snyderman, S. H., Rynn, M. A., & Rickels, K. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000177853.15910.de · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Efficacy and Safety of Extended-Release Venlafaxine in the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Two Placebo-Controlled Trials
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Histamine H1 receptor occupancy by the new-generation antidepressants fluvoxamine and mirtazapine: a positron emission tomography study in healthy volunteers
Sato, H., Ito, C., Tashiro, M., Hiraoka, K., Shibuya, K., Funaki, Y., Iwata, R., Matsuoka, H., & Yanai, K. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3146-1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Use of Tiagabine Augmentation for Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders: A Case Series
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A Literature Review of Quetiapine for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Efficacy and Safety of Vilazodone in Patients With Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Durgam, S., Gommoll, C., Forero, G., Núñez, R., Tang, X., Mathews, M., & Sheehan, D. V. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.15m09885 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
New advances in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: the multimodal antidepressant vortioxetine
Orsolini, L., Tomasetti, C., Valchera, A., Iasevoli, F., Buonaguro, E. F., Vellante, F., Fornaro, M., Fiengo, A. L. C., Mazza, M., Vecchiotti, R., et al. (2016) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.2016.1173545 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Imipramine and Buspirone in Patients With Panic Disorder Who Are Discontinuing Long-term Benzodiazepine Therapy
Rynn, M., García-España, F., Greenblatt, D. J., Mandos, L. A., Schweizer, E., & Rickels, K. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000088907.24613.3f · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Vortioxetine in Pediatric Patients
Findling, R. L., Robb, A. S., DelBello, M. P., Huß, M., McNamara, N., Sarkis, E. H., Scheffer, R. E., Poulsen, L. H., Chen, G., Lemming, O. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2016.0155 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Pregabalin for the treatment of patients with generalized anxiety disorder with inadequate treatment response to antidepressants and severe depressive symptoms
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Efficacy of vortioxetine in working patients with generalized anxiety disorder
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Research Review: Pediatric Anxiety Disorders—What Have We Learnt in the Last 10 Years?
Strawn, J. R., Lu, L., Peris, T. S., Levine, A., & Walkup, J. T. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13262 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mitochondrial Impairment: A Common Motif in Neuropsychiatric Presentation? The Link to the Tryptophan–Kynurenine Metabolic System
Tanaka, M., Szabó, Á., Spekker, E., Polyák, H., Tóth, F., & Vécsei, L. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11162607 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Pulmonary inhalation for disease treatment: Basic research and clinical translations
Wang, B., Wang, L., Yang, Q., Zhang, Y., Qinglai, T., Yang, X., Xiao, Z., Lei, L., & Li, S. (2024) · Materials Today Bio · doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100966 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Escitalopram in Adolescents With Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Strawn, J. R., Mills, J. A., Schroeder, H. K., Mossman, S. A., Varney, S. T., Ramsey, L. B., Poweleit, E. A., Desta, Z., Cecil, K. M., & DelBello, M. P. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.20m13396 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Review of Non-Invasive Drug Delivery through Respiratory Routes
Zhang, Y., Xu, D. W., Bai, L., Zhou, Y.-M., Zhang, H., & Cui, Y. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14091974 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Pharmacological Treatment of Generalised Anxiety Disorder: Current Practice and Future Directions
Fagan, H. A., & Baldwin, D. S. (2023) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2023.2211767 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Review of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Mishra, A. K., & Varma, A. R. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.46115 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The effectiveness of Internet‐delivered treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis
Eilert, N., Enrique, A., Wogan, R., Mooney, O., Timulak, L., & Richards, D. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23115 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“There are currently several forms of treatment recommended for GAD, including some form of antidepressant medication (Strawn et al., 2018).”
Background
Liposome-Derived Nanosystems for the Treatment of Behavioral and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Promise of Niosomes, Transfersomes, and Ethosomes for Increased Brain Drug Bioavailability
Pires, P. C., Paiva‐Santos, A. C., & Veiga, F. (2023) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16101424 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Generalised Anxiety Disorder and Depression: Contemporary Treatment Approaches
Goodwin, G. M., & Stein, D. J. (2021) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-021-01859-8 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Aberrant amplitude low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and their roles in predicting treatment remission
Shen, Z., Zhu, J., Ren, L., Mingcai, Q., Shao, Y., Yuan, Y., & Shen, X. (2020) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm-20-6448 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Buspirone alleviates anxiety, depression, and colitis; and modulates gut microbiota in mice
Kim, J.-K., Han, S., Joo, M.-K., & Kim, D. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85681-w · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Agomelatine for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: focus on its distinctive mechanism of action
Millan, M. J. (2022) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/20451253221105128 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Single Treatment With MM120 (Lysergide) in Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Robison, R. J., Barrow, R., Conant, C., Foster, E., Freedman, J. M., Jacobsen, P. L., Jemison, J., Karas, S. M., Karlin, D. R., Solomon, T. M., et al. (2025) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.13481 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Pharmacological Modulation of the Psychiatric Risk Factor FKBP51 Alters Efficiency of Common Antidepressant Drugs
Pöhlmann, M. L., Häusl, A. S., Harbich, D., Balsevich, G., Engelhardt, C., Feng, X., Breitsamer, M., Hausch, F., Winter, G., & Schmidt, M. V. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00262 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapy for Depression and Anxiety in the Primary Care Setting
Parish, A., Gillis, B. D., & Anthamatten, A. (2023) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2023.104556 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Prevalence and Determinants of Long-Term Utilization of Antidepressant Drugs: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Lunghi, C., Antonazzo, I. C., Burato, S., Raschi, E., Zoffoli, V., Forcesi, E., Sangiorgi, E., Menchetti, M., Roberge, P., & Poluzzi, E. (2020) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s241780 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Advances in Nano-Enabled Platforms for the Treatment of Depression
Mutingwende, F. P., Kondiah, P. P. D., Ubanako, P. N., Marimuthu, T., & Choonara, Y. E. (2021) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym13091431 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Bidirectional Influence of Limbic GIRK Channel Activation on Innate Avoidance Behavior
Vo, B. N., Marron Fernandez de Velasco, E., Rose, T. R., Oberle, H., Luo, H., Hopkins, C. R., & Wickman, K. (2021) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2787-20.2021 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Recent advances in dopamine D 2 receptor ligands in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders
Jůza, R., Musílek, K., Mezeiová, E., Soukup, O., & Korábečný, J. (2022) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21923 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Drug repositioning for treatment-resistant depression: Hypotheses from a pharmacogenomic study
Fabbri, C., Kasper, S., Zohar, J., Souery, D., Montgomery, S., Albani, D., Forloni, G., Ferentinos, P. P., Rujescu, D., Mendlewicz, J., et al. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110050 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Psychopharmacological Treatment, Intraocular Pressure and the Risk of Glaucoma: A Review of Literature
Ciobanu, A. M., Dionisie, V., Neagu, C., Bolog, O. M., Riga, S., & Popa-Velea, O. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10132947 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Treatment response biomarkers in anxiety disorders: From neuroimaging to neuronally-derived extracellular vesicles and beyond
Strawn, J. R., & Levine, A. (2020) · Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.bionps.2020.100024 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fecal microbiota transplant on Escherichia-Shigella gut composition and its potential role in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A systematic review
Baske, M. M., Timmerman, K. C., Garmo, L. G., Freitas, M. N., McCollum, K. A., & Ren, T. Y. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.088 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Medication Profile and Treatment Cost Estimation Among Outpatients with Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Depression, and Anxiety Disorders in Indonesia
Puspitasari, I. M., Sinuraya, R. K., Rahayu, C., Witriani, W., Zannah, U., Hafifah, A., Ningtyas, A. R., & Vildayanti, H. (2020) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s240058 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Facile synthesis of new magnetic sorbent based on MOF-on-MOF for simultaneous extraction and determination of three benzodiazepines in various environmental water samples using dispersive micro solid-phase extraction and HPLC
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Authors: Strawn, J. R., Geracioti, L., Rajdev, N., Clemenza, K., & Levine, A.
Affiliations: University of Cincinnati (US)
Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author: Strawn, Jeffrey R.
ORCID: Strawn, Jeffrey R.
Levine, Amir
Venue: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2018-07-03
Volume: 19
Issue: 10
Pages: 1057-1070
ISSN: 1465-6566 (ISSN-L)
1744-7666
DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1491966
PMC: PMC6340395
OpenAlex: W2884641336
Cited by: 214
References: 131
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2
FWCI: 1.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH106037)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plant Extracts Effects
Keywords: generalized anxiety disorder, pharmacotherapy, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, benzodiazepines, buspirone, atypical antipsychotics, pregabalin, kava, lavender essential oil, childhood anxiety, adult anxiety, treatment selection algorithm, treatment efficacy and tolerability, psychotherapy
MeSH terms: Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors, Adult, Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Humans, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, Antipsychotic Agents, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Evidence-Based Practice

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Pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder in adult and pediatric patients: an evidence-based treatment review

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