The DOI matches its Crossref record; 137 of the 137 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 145 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Open accessAbstract
The purpose of this research was to update the Pelham and Fabiano (2008 Pelham , W. E. , & Fabiano , G. A. ( 2008 ). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 37 , 184 – 214 .[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) review of evidence-based practices for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. We completed a systematic review of the literature published between 2007 and 2013 to establish levels of evidence for psychosocial treatments for these youth. Our review included the identification of relevant articles using criteria established by the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (see Southam-Gerow & Prinstein, in press Southam-Gerow , M. A. , & Prinstein , M. J. ( in press ). Evidence base updates: The evolution of the evaluation of psychological treatments for children and adolescents . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology . [Google Scholar]) using keyword searches and a review of tables of contents. We extend the conceptualization of treatment research by differentiating training interventions from behavior management and by reviewing the growing literature on training interventions. Consistent with the results of the previous review we conclude that behavioral parent training, behavioral classroom management, and behavioral peer interventions are well-established treatments. In addition, organization training met the criteria for a well-established treatment. Combined training programs met criteria for Level 2 (Probably Efficacious), neurofeedback training met criteria for Level 3 (Possibly Efficacious), and cognitive training met criteria for Level 4 (Experimental Treatments). The distinction between behavior management and training interventions provides a method for considering meaningful differences in the methods and possible mechanisms of action for treatments for these youth. Characteristics of treatments, participants, and measures, as well as the variability in methods for classifying levels of evidence for treatments, are reviewed in relation to their potential effect on outcomes and conclusions about treatments. Implications of these findings for future science and practice are discussed.
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115 Not checked yet · 34 Own interpretation · 14 No basis given · 7 Own method · 7 Own result
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In the paper
“Combined training programs met criteria for Level 2 (Probably Efficacious)”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“cognitive training met criteria for Level 4 (Experimental Treatments).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“neurofeedback training met criteria for Level 3 (Possibly Efficacious)”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition, organization training met the criteria for a well-established treatment.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
“one of the Training Interventions, organization training, met these criteria.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Abstract > Results
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because very few studies (n=3) included an analysis of moderating or mediating variables, the results of such analyses are briefly reviewed in the Results and Discussion sections but not presented in Table 3.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Six studies that meet the EBT Evaluation Criteria for this review have been published since the last review.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is noteworthy that 5 of these 6 studies of BPT evaluated unique adaptations of the structure of BPT (e.g., single session; phone session) to better address the needs of a unique group of individuals who do not typically attend BPT (e.g., single mothers, fathers).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“All of the BPT programs focused on behavior management procedures that are consistent with those that achieved well-established status such as the Community-Oriented Parenting Education (COPE) program (Cunningham, Bremner, & Secord-Gilbert, 1993) and the Defiant Children program, Second Edition (Barkley, 1997).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cunningham, Bremner, & Secord-Gilbert, 1993
- Not checked yetcites Barkley, 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the last review, there were two published studies that meet the EBT Evaluation Criteria for the current review.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Mothers participating in the STEPP program reported improvements in their children's oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms and functioning (i.e., parent-child relations; family functioning) relative to traditional BPT services and to no treatment.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chacko et al.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With regard to outcomes, these six studies documented significant benefits on parent ratings of child symptoms and/or impairment for BPT when compared to a waitlist or routine care condition (Chacko et al., 2009; Fabiano et al., 2012; McGrath et al., 2011; Meyer & Kelley, 2008; van den Hoofdakker et al., 2007) and when compared to active alternative treatment conditions (e.g., Meyer & Kelley, 2007”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chacko et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Fabiano et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites McGrath et al., 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The one-session BPT targeted homework compliance and the authors reported significant improvements in parent ratings of homework completion and objective measures of percent of submitted homework.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meyer & Kelley, 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Since 2008, only one study that met all five EBT Evaluation Criteria evaluated neurofeedback training (Gevensleben et al., 2009).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Training Interventions (TI)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gevensleben et al., 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We identified six studies that reported the results of treatments that combine aspects of BPT, BCM, and/or BPI.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There were two studies of organization training that met all EBT Evaluation Criteria; one evaluating a clinic-based intervention for elementary school aged children (Abikoff et al., 2013) and one evaluating school-based interventions for young adolescents (Langberg, Epstein, Becker, Girio-Herrera, & Vaughn, 2012).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Organization Training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Abikoff et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Langberg et al., 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There were two studies of cognitive training that met all five EBT Evaluation Criteria (Beck, Hanson, Puffenberger, Benninger, & Benninger, 2010; van der Oord, Ponsioen, Geurts, Brink & Prins, in press).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Training Interventions (TI)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beck et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites van der Oord et al., in press
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the reviewed research did not directly address questions relating treatment response to the racial and ethnic backgrounds of participants.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, only 3 of 21 studies included analyses examining moderators of treatment outcomes.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“many studies that tested treatments previously identified as well-established, focused on improving access or increasing involvement of populations who do not usually use these interventions.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of the Interventions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There were two studies of combined BM treatments that included preschool aged children (Kern et al., 2007; Webster-Stratton et al., 2011).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kern et al., 2007 source
- Not checked yetcites Webster-Stratton et al., 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“very little research has been conducted with adolescents with ADHD.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nine out of the 21 studies reviewed in this manuscript reported some indicator of clinically significant change.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Method for Classifying Treatments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For many of the studies in this review and the two previous reviews completed by Pelham and colleagues (1998; 2008), relatively few of the possible outcomes measured indicated statistically significant differences between the treatment and comparison groups.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Measurement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We propose that the setting is not the most critical distinction between these two types of treatment.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Approach to Updated Review
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The criteria used to select rigorous studies for review and to determine whether treatments are evidence-based or well-established are generally consistent across reviews in special issues of the JCCAP.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Criteria for Evaluating Treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Southam-Gerow & Prinstein, in press
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“BPI-C did not have adequate evidence to be considered well-established or probably efficacious.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pelham and Fabiano (2008)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One measurement issue related to eligibility criteria involves the choice of informants and decision rules used to determine a diagnosis of ADHD. Both have been shown to influence the diagnostic decisions (Rowland et al., 2008; Valo & Tannock, 2010)”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Characteristics Affecting Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rowland et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Valo & Tannock, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the TI category rather than the BM category, better fits these treatments.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Approach to Updated Review
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“participant characteristics that influence treatment outcomes have been identified (see Hoza, Johnston, Pillow & Ascough, 2006; Ollendick, Jarrett, Grills-Taquechel, Hovey & Wolff, 2008)”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Characteristics Affecting Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hoza et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Ollendick et al., 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In contrast, BPI-R met criteria for a well-established treatment.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pelham and Fabiano (2008)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“some of the organization training interventions and school-based treatment programs (e.g., Challenging Horizons Program; Evans, Schultz, DeMars, & Davis, 2011) also fit into the TI category, as the skills are taught and their use is rewarded in environments other than where change is intended and outcomes are measured.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Approach to Updated Review
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans, Schultz, DeMars, & Davis, 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the recently published review by Sonuga-Barke and colleagues only included only 15 studies out of all psychosocial treatment research dating back to at least 1973.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Method > Procedure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sonuga-Barke et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Having established the evidence base for BPT (Pelham & Fabiano, 2008), investigators appear to have moved towards modifying procedures to improve access and engage individuals who previously showed low participation rates or less desirable outcomes.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pelham & Fabiano, 2008
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both of the previous treatment reviews (Pelham & Fabiano, 2008; Pelham et al., 1998) determined that BCM interventions were well-established treatments.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pelham & Fabiano, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Pelham et al., 1998
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it appears that our sample of studies is not disproportionally small for the time period covered.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Method > Procedure
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“By the end of the 2-week program, behavior problems did not differ between the two groups.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mikami et al., 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“yet, this outcome was moderated by child sex; the effect was stronger for boys than for girls.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mikami et al., 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“First, participants achieved gains in settings other than the one in which contingencies were directly manipulated.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mikami et al., 2010
plaindirectn = 124- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition to significant improvements in parents’ ratings of social skills and quality of play”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mikami et al., 2010
plaindirectn = 124- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“these studies reported numerous benefits for the combined treatment relative to a no treatment condition or to an active psychosocial support intervention”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Abikoff, Gallagher, Wells, Murray, Huang, & Feinham, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Kern et al., 2007 source
- Not checked yetcites Langberg et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the improved behaviors reported by the parents were not detected at school, then the clinical utility of this treatment is questionable.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Training Interventions (TI)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Second, raters who were unaware of treatment condition confirmed these improvements.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mikami et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“neurofeedback training meets task force criteria for a Level 3 treatment or one that is possibly efficacious treatment for ADHD.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Training Interventions (TI)
plainn = 102- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Little support was found for possible moderating effects of sex, ADHD subtype, ODD comorbidity or medication status”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mikami et al., 2010
hedgedn = 124- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Based on two large, between group studies conducted in the STP (Pelham et al., 2008 and one of the MTA studies, Pelham et al., 2000), Pelham and Fabiano (2008) indicated that BPIs in recreational settings were a well-established treatment for ADHD.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pelham et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Pelham et al., 2000
- Not checked yetcites Pelham & Fabiano, 2008
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the authors found that changes in some parenting behaviors during peer interactions, specifically parent facilitation of successful behaviors, correction of child behavior, and reductions in criticisms, mediated the effect of PFC on child peer functioning.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mikami et al., 2010
plaindirectn = 124- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These outcomes highlight the impact of combining well-established treatments to improve ADHD symptoms and functioning in areas that may not be adequately addressed by any individual treatment alone (e.g., homework management, organizational skills).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“significant benefits were also reported for teacher ratings of inattention, hyperactivity, and overall ADHD symptoms.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Training Interventions (TI)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gevensleben et al., 2009
plaindirectn = 102- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“at the 14-month assessment point in the MTA study, the benefits of the combined intervention on homework problems (relative to all other treatment conditions) were strongest for children with moderate (rather than severe) parent-rated ADHD symptoms.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Langberg et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the investigators also reported significant improvements for those receiving PFC compared to controls on teacher ratings of peer liking and acceptance.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mikami et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“there were no significant differences between the groups on any of these measures.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Training Interventions (TI)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gevensleben et al., 2009
plainn = 102- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Participants with ADHD were randomly assigned to either receive PFC or to a no treatment control condition.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mikami et al., 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“many factors on the parent rating scales revealed significant benefits for the intervention at post-treatment and follow-up relative to the control condition”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Training Interventions (TI)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beck et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the finding of differences only on some parent ratings without any differences on teacher ratings raises questions about the validity of the reported effects.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Training Interventions (TI)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van der Oord et al., in press
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“suggesting that the intervention effects are applicable across several subgroups.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mikami et al., 2010
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The investigators asked parents to not inform the teachers about their involvement in treatment so the teachers’ ratings were completed without awareness of condition.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mikami et al., 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One study of BPI was published since the 2008 review and the treatment evaluated in this study (Mikami, Lerner, Griggs, McGrath & Calhoun, 2010) involved training parents to be social coaches and to modify contingencies when their children were in social situations to facilitate appropriate social behavior.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mikami, Lerner, Griggs, McGrath & Calhoun, 2010
plainn = 124- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although BCM has met the criteria for being a well-established treatment since 1998, the literature supporting this claim only includes elementary-school aged children.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Reconciling these large rater-specific differences raises questions about the degree to which improvements in parent ratings may have been partially attributable to parents’ awareness of the treatment and investment in their child's practice.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Training Interventions (TI)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beck et al., 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Lastly, some of the results support the hypothesized mechanism of change (i.e., change in parenting behaviors during playdates).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mikami et al., 2010
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Ratings from teachers revealed no differences between the groups”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Training Interventions (TI)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van der Oord et al., in press
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“teachers did not notice improvements in symptoms or in behaviors related to executive functioning after children completed the treatment.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Training Interventions (TI)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beck et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites van der Oord et al., in press
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“only 1 of 20 (5%) factors on the teacher rating scales indicated a statistically significant advantage for treatment over control.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Training Interventions (TI)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beck et al., 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Overall, the two studies of BCM that met EBT Evaluation Criteria increase the support for BCM as a well-established treatment for ADHD”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fabiano et al., 2010 source
- Not checked yetcites Mikami et al., 2012
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“results indicated that parent ratings of ADHD symptoms and parent ratings on two of five subscales of a behavioral measure of executive functioning were improved for the treatment group compared to the wait-list control group.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Training Interventions (TI)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van der Oord et al., in press
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the addition of this study by Mikami and colleagues (2010)3 yields adequate evidence for BPI to be considered a well-established treatment.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mikami et al., 2010
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The other Training Interventions including cognitive training met criteria for Level 4 (Experimental Treatments)”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the results indicated that, relative to the waitlist condition, OST produced significantly better parent and teacher ratings of organization, academic functioning, homework completion, and family conflict.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Organization Training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Abikoff et al., 2013
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the vast majority of the measures used to determine the level of evidence for the treatments were ratings completed by parents and/or teachers who were aware of the child's treatment condition.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Measurement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of treatment outcome studies may also be affected by these variations in how diagnoses are determined.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Measurement
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There were no significant treatment advantages for those in the active treatment group relative to those in the control group.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kern et al., 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our conclusions about the levels of evidence for BM treatments are restricted to children between approximately 4 and 12 years of age.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we classified Combined Training (i.e., CHP) as meeting criteria for Level 2 or probably efficacious treatment.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Combined Training
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The obvious advantages of TIs are that such treatments do not necessitate reliance on adults in the home and school environments to consistency implement modified contingencies with integrity.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of the Interventions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This factor alone may account for much of the difference between the conclusions of this review and the recent publication by Sonuga-Barke and colleagues (2013).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Measurement
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Measures of feasibility and integrity also indicated that the HOPS could feasibly be feasibly implemented with integrity by SMHPs.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Organization Training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Langberg et al., 2012 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There is evidence indicating that awareness of treatment condition inflates effect sizes (Jadad et al. 1996).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jadad et al. 1996
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Webster-Stratton and colleagues compared the combination of the Incredible Years Program (BPT) and a child focused group training intervention (TI) to a waitlist control and reported significant treatment effects for those receiving the combined treatment.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Webster-Stratton et al., 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two studies in the past five years have revealed that these subtle decisions can lead to important differences in terms of which children are diagnosed with ADHD and which are not (Rowland et al., 2008; Valo & Tannock, 2010).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rowland et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Valo & Tannock, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we confidently conclude that Behavior Management interventions including BPT, BCM and BPI, as well as their use in combination, are well-established treatments.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Important differences in conclusions may be a function of participant characteristics that could be related to recruitment methods.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Participants
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“both groups improved on 16 of the 18 primary outcome measures.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kern et al., 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, organization interventions meet criteria for a well-established treatment.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Organization Training
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both studies reported statistically significant parent and teacher reported benefits to the CHP.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Combined Training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Molina et al., 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Reports of satisfaction with “telephone coaches” indicated that providing BPT remotely may increase access to this well-established treatment for many families who may not obtain it otherwise.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of the Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McGrath et al., 2011
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although attendance at parent education was poor in both groups (mean percentages 37 & 29)”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kern et al., 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the effects of organization training appears to vary as a function of sample characteristics.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Organization Training
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“neurofeedback training met criteria for Level 3 (Possibly Efficacious)”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the combined training program (Challenging Horizons Program) met criteria for Level 2 (Probably Efficacious).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“many of the professional mental health practitioners are not being trained in evidence-based practices (Kelly, Berzin, Frey, Alvarez, Shaffer & O'Brien, 2010; Shernoff, Kratochwill & Stoiber, 2003).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Implications for Practice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kelly, Berzin, Frey, Alvarez, Shaffer & O'Brien, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Shernoff, Kratochwill & Stoiber, 2003
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“impairment predicts long-term outcomes better than symptoms (Mannuzza & Klein, 1999)”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Method for Classifying Treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mannuzza & Klein, 1999
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Sonuga-Barke and colleagues eliminated studies that contrasted a treatment with another active treatment without a no-treatment control group.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Method for Classifying Treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sonuga-Barke and colleagues (2013)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the lack of clarity in the larger literature regarding the necessary proportion of measures on which improvement is to be demonstrated (De Los Reyes & Kazdin, 2006; 2009) made classification difficult.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Method for Classifying Treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites De Los Reyes & Kazdin, 2006; 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it may not be possible to find knowledgeable sources for ratings who are unaware of treatment status.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Measurement
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“conclusions about treatment response based only on symptom changes (e.g., The MTA Cooperative Group, 1999) may end up misrepresenting the benefits of psychosocial treatments (Conners et al., 2001).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Method for Classifying Treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Conners et al., 2001
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We included measures of symptoms and impairment and suggest that drawing conclusions about levels of evidence for psychosocial treatments based solely on symptoms is likely to seriously underestimate their effects.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Method for Classifying Treatments
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Impairments are the primary reasons that parents pursue treatments for their child.
In the paper
“Sonuga-Barke et al. excluded this study from their meta-analyses due to “no ADHD outcomes.””
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Method for Classifying Treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sonuga-Barke et al.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the social functioning outcome measures used in the Mikami et al. (2010) study of a parent friendship coaching intervention were acceptable in our review because social impairment is a very common problem for youth with ADHD.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Method for Classifying Treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mikami et al. (2010)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The items described concrete choices (e.g., an item is present or absent) and thus were less likely to be influenced by rater effects than items on parent and teacher rating scales.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Measurement
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although both studies met all of five EBT Evaluation Criteria, the lack of clarity in the larger literature regarding the necessary proportion of measures on which improvement is to be demonstrated”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Method for Classifying Treatments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“there is no standard for identifying how many of the multiple measures and which ones need to indicate treatment effects in order for the study to be regarded as supporting the efficacy of the treatment.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites De Los Reyes and Kazdin (2006)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“without a quality assurance system that trains, monitors, supervises and incentivizes use of evidence-based practices, there may be little likelihood of widespread adoption.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Implications for Practice
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: In many systems of care, including schools and clinics, there is no direct accountability on individual clinicians to provide evidence-based practices with integrity.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The substantial differences between this review and the meta-analysis published by Sonuga-Barke and colleagues (2013) underscore the lack of a clear consensus for how we determine levels of evidence for a treatment.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Method for Classifying Treatments
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“research has demonstrated that a large portion of the variance in teacher ratings is due to rater-related effects as opposed to variability in child behavior (Briesch, Chafouleas & Riley-Tillman, 2010).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Briesch, Chafouleas & Riley-Tillman, 2010
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 59
- Probably not a substantial claim. 19
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistent with the results of the previous review we concluded that behavioral parent training, behavioral classroom management and behavioral peer interventions were well-established treatments.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Abstract > Results
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The investigators reported little difference between traditional BPT and COACHES in father and mother ratings of child symptoms except that fathers in the COACHES program reported greater perceived improvement in their child's behavior, relative to fathers in the traditional BPT program (Fabiano et al., 2009).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fabiano et al., 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some limitations of these studies include an over-reliance on ratings of outcomes from those receiving services (i.e., parents), a low number of participants from minority groups (see Chacko et al. for an exception), and an exclusive focus on elementary school-age children.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Fabiano and colleagues (2009; 2012) as well as Chacko and colleagues (2009) evaluated an enhanced BPT to address the needs of a specific population (i.e., fathers, single mothers) and reported that the adapted version of BPT was equivalent, and in the case of some outcomes, better than the standard well-established version.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fabiano et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Fabiano et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Chacko et al., 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the second study of COACHES (Fabiano et al., 2012) the investigators reported improvements over a waitlist group in observed rates of fathers’ making positive and negative statements to their child and in fathers’ ratings of child behavior.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fabiano et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CHP has been evaluated in two randomized controlled studies since 2008, but not by two independent research teams.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Combined Training
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of the well-established treatments, only the organization training included one study targeting adolescents and these were young adolescents (Langberg et al., 2012; ages 11 – 14).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Langberg et al., 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“when we conduct treatment development and evaluation research in schools, we are frequently introducing school mental health professionals (counselors and social workers) to the basic techniques involved in cognitive behavioral therapy and behavioral parent training, for the first time.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Implications for Practice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“both studies of cognitive training (Beck et al., 2010; van der Oord, et al., in press) reported gains across parent ratings of symptoms, mixed improvements across parent ratings of executive functioning, and only one instance of improvement out of multiple comparisons of teacher ratings of symptoms and executive functioning.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Method for Classifying Treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beck et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites van der Oord, et al., in press
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It highlights the innovations that have occurred in the last five years including innovations to existing well-established treatments to reach new populations, an increase in research on adolescents and preschool children with ADHD, and the development of a new category of interventions (i.e., Training Interventions).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Implications for Practice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Further, although many behavioral interventions focus on changing functional impairment, Sonuga-Barke and colleagues’ relied solely upon ratings of ADHD symptoms as the outcome variable.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Criteria for Evaluating Treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sonuga-Barke et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“neurofeedback and cognitive training do not involve manipulating contingencies in the environments where the behavior change is intended to occur.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Approach to Updated Review
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The only differences between the presently employed criteria and those used in the 2008 special issue are minor wording changes that should not change the classification of the research (Southam-Gerow & Prinstein, in press).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Criteria for Evaluating Treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Southam-Gerow & Prinstein, in press
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other reviews published since 2008 have reported similar findings about BPT, BCM, and BPI-R (e.g., Fabiano, Pelham, Coles, Gnagy, Chronis-Tuscano & O'Connor, 2009; Owens, Storer & Girio-Herrera, 2011; Sadler & Evans, 2011), but some have reached very different conclusions (Sonuga-Barke et al., 2013).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fabiano et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Owens et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Sonuga-Barke et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a recent review and meta-analysis by Sonuga-Barke and colleagues (2013) concluded that the mean effect size for ADHD symptoms across well-controlled studies of behavioral interventions for children with ADHD was zero.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Criteria for Evaluating Treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sonuga-Barke et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“To calculate the mean effect size, Sonuga-Barke et al. excluded studies wherein raters were aware of treatment condition and combined results from very different types of psychosocial interventions.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Criteria for Evaluating Treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sonuga-Barke et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pelham and Fabiano (2008) evaluated 46 treatment studies and sorted the interventions into one of three categories: behavioral parent training (BPT), behavioral classroom management (BCM), and behavioral peer interventions (BPI).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pelham and Fabiano (2008)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“BM treatments are intended to lead to behavior change by manipulating contingencies in the target environment.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Approach to Updated Review
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stokes & Baer, 1977
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“TIs lead to behavior change by improving the skill set of the child and either hoping for generalization (Stokes & Baer, 1977) (e.g., cognitive training interventions) or providing reinforcement and punishment in the training setting for behavior change that occurs outside of that setting.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Approach to Updated Review
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stokes & Baer, 1977
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Outcomes may depend on the construct chosen as an outcome variable of interest (e.g., symptoms or functional impairment), on the way in which such construct of interest is defined and measured (e.g., objective vs. subjective measurement or informant type), and whether or not informants are aware of the treatment condition (Jadad et al., 1996).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Characteristics Affecting Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jadad et al., 1996
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these criteria have not been used consistently in other reviews, contributing to inconsistent conclusions across studies.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Criteria for Evaluating Treatments
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consistent with the 1998 review, BPT and BCM met criteria for well-established treatments for ADHD.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pelham and Fabiano (2008)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“characteristics of measurement may also impact outcomes, making it difficult to compare results across studies (De Los Reyes & Kazdin, 2009).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Characteristics Affecting Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites De Los Reyes & Kazdin, 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the source of outcome data varies considerably across studies and could influence outcomes depending on a variety of factors.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Characteristics Affecting Outcomes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both the one-session BPT targeting homework compliance and the telephone based BPT represent treatment models that remove barriers to treatment attendance that are commonly found in multi-session clinic-based parent training programs.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in the 2008 review, only 29 between-group or crossover design studies were included from a period that covered twice as many years as this one.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Method > Procedure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pelham and Fabiano (2008)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The results of this study demonstrate that the DRC can be feasibly implemented by school-employed classroom teachers to produce meaningful gains in the behavior of students with ADHD.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fabiano et al., 2010
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To determine which articles to include in our review, we conducted a three-wave procedure.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, as a result of this criteria, most of the behavioral treatment literature was excluded from consideration and, consequently, the conclusions reached by Sonuga-Barke and colleagues are different from those reached by most other reviews or meta-analytic studies.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Criteria for Evaluating Treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sonuga-Barke et al., 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using these criteria, 122 studies remained and we coded these studies using the EBT Evaluation Criteria.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Method > Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies indicate that adaptations of traditional BPT engages individuals not typically served while maintaining the treatment gains of BPT.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Our review is based on 21 studies that were published since October 2007, met the five EBT Evaluation Criteria, and were not included in the previous review by Pelham and Fabiano (2008)”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pelham and Fabiano (2008)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, relative to the traditional BCM condition, children with ADHD in MOSAIC were significantly less rejected by their peers and had more reciprocated friendships”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mikami et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results indicated that the DRC + consultation services condition led to statistically significant improvements in classroom rule violations and teacher ratings of ODD/conduct disorder symptoms, classroom behavior, and academic productivity, as well as teacher-rated improvement on behavior goals compared to the business as usual condition.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fabiano et al., 2010
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 122 articles, 101 were excluded because they violated at least one of the EBT Evaluation Criteria. Twenty-one met all five criteria and are discussed in detail in our results section below.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Method > Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“cognitive training must be considered an experimental treatment per the EBT Evaluation Criteria because although two randomized trials have been conducted, the results are equivocal.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Training Interventions (TI)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shipstead, Redick & Engle, 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pelham and Fabiano (2008) noted that some studies, such as the MTA, included a combination of BPT, BCM, and/or BPI preventing them from reaching conclusions about the degree to which each treatment individually contributed to outcomes.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pelham & Fabiano, 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Investigators reported benefits for the group receiving neurofeedback training on parent ratings of ADHD and ODD symptoms, aggression, and the total score of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 1997).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Training Interventions (TI)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gevensleben et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Goodman, 1997
plaindirectn = 102- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This innovative intervention extends the research on BCM to include the manipulation of subtle behavior management techniques and outcomes related to peer acceptance.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mikami et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Variables that did not moderate the outcomes included child sex, learning disability status, medication status, and receipt of school services.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Langberg et al., 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of note, parents and teachers were unaware of treatment condition, reducing the possibility of rater bias in the results.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Training Interventions (TI)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gevensleben et al., 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“To the extent that cognitive ability and income may influence outcomes and/or parent involvement (e.g., Owens et al., 2003; Rieppi et al., 2002)”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Owens et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Rieppi et al., 2002
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants recruited from clinic settings are likely to have parents attending the clinic with them and parental presence indicates a degree of involvement and resources that are not always present among families recruited from the community.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Participants
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, organization training has been evaluated by two independent research teams with both demonstrating statistically significant benefits over a waitlist or no treatment control condition.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Organization Training
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Given that Abikoff and colleagues (2013) reported success with their organization TI with elementary school aged children, and that both parents and teachers observed the success”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of the Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Abikoff et al., 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Based on the extensive literature on BM approaches with young children prior to 2008, Pelham and Fabiano concluded that these approaches were well-established for this age group and these two studies add to that evidence.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pelham & Fabiano, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Kern et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Webster-Stratton et al., 2011
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Attendance at parent training sessions was much higher in this study than in the Kern and colleague's study (mean percentage attendance 93 [mothers] & 85 [fathers]) and the mean age of the sample was approximately 11 months older.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Webster-Stratton et al., 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The CHP is a school-based treatment program for adolescents with ADHD that targets impairment related to organization (see above), academic skills, and social functioning.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Combined Training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Molina et al., 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results indicated that HOPS produced significantly better parent (but not teacher) ratings of organization, homework, and family conflict and these gains were maintained at three month follow-up.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Organization Training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Langberg et al., 2012
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In both the Fabiano et al. and Chacko et al. studies, modified BPT did not yield notably better outcomes than traditional BPT, but did result in better engagement and satisfaction of fathers and single mothers, respectively, than traditional BPT.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of the Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fabiano et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Fabiano et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Chacko et al., 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The average family income was approximately $45,000 in the Evans et al. study and Langberg et al. reported that more than half of their families had incomes less than $75,000 per year (15% had less than $25,000).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Langberg et al., 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is an extensive literature demonstrating treatment effects for the Incredible Years Program, and little to no evidence supporting the efficacy of a child focused training intervention.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Participants
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Participants in the Power et al. (2012) study were also recruited from a clinic and the socioeconomic status of 98% of the participants was in the middle to high range.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The results obtained by Evans et al. revealed significant benefits in teacher ratings of academic and classroom functioning and parent ratings of hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Combined Training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans et al., 2011
plaindirectn = 31- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Molina et al.'s results indicated significant improvements in parent ratings of internalizing symptoms, delinquency and school adjustment.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Combined Training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Molina et al., 2008
hedgeddirectn = 11- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gevensleben et al. (2009) reported beneficial effects of neurofeedback training that are equivalent to outcomes reported in studies of well-established behavioral treatments (e.g., Cohen's d range from .30 to .64).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of the Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gevensleben et al., 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“participants in the Abikoff et al. (2013) study were recruited at a clinic and had an average IQ estimate of 113.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Abikoff et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In these studies the average IQ estimate was 95 and 98, respectively.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Langberg et al., 2012
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we are not aware of evidence that the gap is meaningfully shrinking.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Implications for Practice
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Change in symptoms is related to change in impairment, but there are large differences when considering children improved on one or the other (Owens, Johannes & Karpenko, 2009).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Method for Classifying Treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Owens, Johannes & Karpenko, 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“conducting enough observations to obtain valid indices of outcomes, tracking infrequent behavior, costs of observers, and measuring constructs that are not easily observable (e.g., reciprocal peer relationships) make it difficult to rely on observations.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Measurement
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Studies show that without supervision and accountability, clinicians drift and adherence to best practices diminish (Schoenwald, Henggeler, Brondino & Rowland, 2000).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Implications for Practice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schoenwald, Henggeler, Brondino & Rowland, 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This lack of training may be related to the lack of accountability for practitioners to provide evidence-based practices.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Implications for Practice
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: In many systems of care, including schools and clinics, there is no direct accountability on individual clinicians to provide evidence-based practices with integrity.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The criteria used in the present review considers demonstrating equivalence to another well-established treatment as evidence supporting the efficacy of an intervention, whereas the criteria employed by Sonuga-Barke et al. did not”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Method for Classifying Treatments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The outcome measure criterion used in this study indicates that an outcome measure must be reliable, valid and gauge the problems targeted (see M4 in Table 1).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Method for Classifying Treatments
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“it has been recommended that investigators take a multi-source and multi-method approach to assessing the constructs that are intended to change as a function of a treatment (AAP, Subcommittee on ADHD, 2011)”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites AAP, Subcommittee on ADHD, 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“direct observations have many limitations including expense and time (see Pelham, Fabiano & Massetti, 2005).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pelham, Fabiano & Massetti, 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“there has been an increased reliance on effect sizes during the last decade as well as on the use of indices of clinically significant change (Jacobson & Truax, 1991).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Method for Classifying Treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jacobson & Truax, 1991
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“De Los Reyes and Kazdin (2006; 2009) describe the difficulties associated with comparing inconsistent findings obtained on the same outcome measure across studies, as well as inconsistent findings obtained within the same study across outcome measures”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Method for Classifying Treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites De Los Reyes and Kazdin (2006; 2009)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“systems like these used to track organization, may not be possible when assessing some of the constructs targeted in treatments for children with ADHD (e.g., social functioning).”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Measurement
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it may be that the professional silos providing the greatest obstacle to consistent implementation of evidence-based practices are those between science, policy and practice and not necessarily those between disciplines.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Implications for Practice
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the Fabiano and colleagues (2009) study compared the modified BPT program for fathers (COACHES) to a standard BPT condition and this study was excluded by Sonuga-Barke and colleagues due to “no appropriate control”.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Method for Classifying Treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fabiano and colleagues (2009)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Briesch and colleagues (2010) reported that 3-5 observations either within or across days are needed to assess task engagement at school in order to obtain dependable estimates of the target behavior.”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion > Characteristics of Measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Briesch and colleagues (2010)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The quality principles used to judge outcome measures are valid for determining levels of evidence for psychosocial treatments.
“outcome measures assessing change in functioning were considered to be of greater importance than measures assessing symptoms”
“ratings provided by informants who were not involved in the treatment were considered to be of higher quality than ratings provided by informants who were involved in treatment”
The paper relies on this without support.
Despite variability in how effect sizes were calculated, the effect sizes can support qualitative classification of treatments.
“Given the variability in how effect sizes were calculated, readers should not attempt to make direct comparisons across studies.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Training interventions produce changes in competencies that persist over time and across settings.
“It is important to note that there is an assumption that training interventions produce change in competencies that will persist over time and across settings, given that these interventions are not context-specific as are traditional behavioral interventions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Impairments are the primary reasons that parents pursue treatments for their child.
“impairments are the primary reasons that parents pursue treatments for their child.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many systems of care, including schools and clinics, there is no direct accountability on individual clinicians to provide evidence-based practices with integrity.
“In many systems of care, including schools and clinics, there is no direct accountability on individual clinicians to provide evidence-based practices with integrity.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Generally, these interventions focus on training a single domain of cognitive functioning in children with ADHD, such as working memory (WM), inhibition, or cognitive flexibility.”
From Improving Executive Functioning in Children with ADHD: Training Multiple Executive Functions within the Context of a Computer Game. A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Trial (2015) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Executive functions (EFs) training interventions aimed at ADHD-symptom reduction have yielded mixed results.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavior Management (BM)
“We identified six studies that reported the results of treatments that combine aspects of BPT, BCM, and/or BPI. Given prior evidence supporting BPT and BCM, it is not surprising that these studies reported numerous benefits for the combined treatment relative to a no treatment condition or to an active psychosocial support intervention (Abikoff, Gallagher, Wells, Murray, Huang, & Feinham, 2013;”
§ Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Organization Training
“Both studies evaluated treatments consisting solely of organization interventions.”
Citations
Cites
Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary?
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The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note
Goodman, R. (1997) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x · Cited by 14,908
Zhang, Q., Wang, C., Zheng, M., Li, Y., Li, J., Zhang, L., Shang, X., & Yan, C. (2014) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000369778 · Cited by 11,609
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Dong, Y., Hao, L., Shi, Z., Wang, G., Zhang, Z., & Han, C. (2013) · Urologia Internationalis · doi:10.1159/000351405 · Cited by 4,557
(1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.12.1073 · Cited by 3,372
AN IMPLICIT TECHNOLOGY OF GENERALIZATION 1
Stokes, T. F., & Baer, D. M. (1977) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-349 · Cited by 3,351
Defining empirically supported therapies.
Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.66.1.7 · Cited by 3,067
Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, S. C. O. Q. I. A. M. (2011) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2654 · Cited by 2,185
Empirically supported psychological interventions: Controversies and evidence
Chambless, D. L., & Ollendick, T. H. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.685 · Cited by 2,097
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Antshel K. M., 2011, Treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Assessment and intervention in developmental context
- 2011, What Works Clearinghouse: Procedures and Standards Handbook (version 2.1)
- Owens J. S., 2011, Treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Assessment and intervention in developmental context
- Pelham W. E., 2005, Psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent disorders: Empirically based strategies for clinical practice (2nd ed., pp. 377–410)
- Sadler J., 2011, Treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Assessment and intervention in developmental context
- 10.1001/archpsyc.56.12.1073 · DOI · Paper page
- van der Oord S., Journal of Attention Disorders
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, S. C. O. Q. I. A. M. (2011) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2654 · Cited by 2,185
Wolraich, M. L., Hagan, J. F., Allan, C., Chan, E., Davison, D., Earls, M., Evans, S. W., Flinn, S. K., Froehlich, T., Frost, J., et al. (2019) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-2528 · Cited by 1,562
“established treatments with preadolescent children.(25,87,88) Most”
InfluentialSelf-citationDanielson, M. L., Bitsko, R. H., Ghandour, R. M., Holbrook, J. R., Kogan, M. D., & Blumberg, S. J. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1417860 · Cited by 1,181
Live fast, die young? A review on the developmental trajectories of ADHD across the lifespan
Franke, B., Michelini, G., Asherson, P., Banaschewski, T., Bilbow, A., Buitelaar, J. K., Cormand, B., Faraone, S. V., Ginsberg, Y., Haavik, J., et al. (2018) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.08.001 · Cited by 643
Evans, S. W., Owens, J. S., Wymbs, B. T., & Ray, A. R. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1390757 · Cited by 477
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Evans, S. W., Owens, J. S., & Bunford, N.
- Affiliations
- Ohio University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Evans, Steven W.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-11-18
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 527-551
- ISSN
- 1537-4416 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-4424
- PMC
- PMC4025987
- OpenAlex
- W2027756742
- Semantic Scholar
- 780ee58c627d6b2b979d8c3b282da8b9a1ab5ded
- Cited by
- 728
- References
- 137
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 38.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R34MH074713)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, psychosocial interventions, evidence-based practice, children and adolescents, behavioral parent training, classroom management, peer intervention, neurofeedback, cognitive training, training program, level of evidence, treatment efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Behavior Therapy, Child, Humans, Parents, Peer Group, Evidence-Based Medicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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