AN IMPLICIT TECHNOLOGY OF GENERALIZATION 1

Stokes, Trevor F.; Baer, Donald M.

doi:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-349

Cited by 3,351Behavioral and Psychological StudiesHuman Resource Development and Performance EvaluationAcademic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology

AN IMPLICIT TECHNOLOGY OF GENERALIZATION 1

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Stokes, Trevor F., Baer, Donald M.·1977·Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis

DOI 10.1901/jaba.1977.10-349PMC PMC1311194

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Abstract

Traditionally, discrimination has been understood as an active process, and a technology of its procedures has been developed and practiced extensively. Generalization, by contrast, has been considered the natural result of failing to practice a discrimination technology adequately, and thus has remained a passive concept almost devoid of a technology. But, generalization is equally deserving of an active conceptualization and technology. This review summarizes the structure of the generalization literature and its implicit embryonic technology, categorizing studies designed to assess or program generalization according to nine general headings: Train and Hope; Sequential Modification; Introduce to Natural Maintaining Contingencies; Train Sufficient Exemplars; Train Loosely; Use Indiscriminable Contingencies; Program Common Stimuli; Mediate Generalization; and Train “To Generalize”.

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Failures of generalization are common and should be planned for in the design of any widely used intervention.
“Failures of generalization are common and should be planned for in the design of any widely used intervention (Lovaas, Koegel, Simmons, & Long, 1973; Stokes & Baer, 1977).”
From Changing Delay Discounting and Impulsive Choice: Implications for Addictions, Prevention, and Human Health (2019) · cites this paper as Stokes & Baer, 1977

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Authors: Stokes, T. F., & Baer, D. M.
Affiliations: University of Kansas (US)
Corresponding author: Stokes, Trevor F.
ORCID: Stokes, Trevor F.
Venue: Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1977-06
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Pages: 349-367
ISSN: 0021-8855 (ISSN-L)
1938-3703
DOI: 10.1901/jaba.1977.10-349
PMC: PMC1311194
OpenAlex: W1998493215
Cited by: 3,351
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 106 · 2018: 108 · 2017: 108 · 2016: 91 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 84
FWCI: 63.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 13055 d)
Locations: Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation
Social Sciences › Psychology › General Psychology › Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
Keywords: generalization, discrimination, stimulus control, stimulus equivalence, stimulus generalization

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