Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 661

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Persons as Contexts: Evaluating Between-Person and Within-Person Effects in Longitudinal Analysis

Hoffman, Lesa, Stawski, Robert S.·2009·Research in Human Development
DOI 10.1080/15427600902911189
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Relationships among multiple variables over time are of interest in many developmental areas and are frequently examined using time-varying predictors in multilevel models. Yet an incomplete specification of time-varying predictors will usually result in biased model effects. Specifically, the impact of constant, between-person sources of variation must be differentiated from the impact of time-specific, within-person sources of variation - that is, persons should be modeled as contexts. The current didactic article expands upon previous work to address why and how to model persons as contexts in longitudinal analysis. An electronic appendix of syntax for estimating these models is also provided.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/15427600902911189

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 5 references

Research works printed but not linked: 25

  1. 10.1177/1073191102009001006 · DOI · Paper page
  2. 10.3102/10769986028002135 · DOI · Paper page
  3. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173444.003.0009 · DOI
  4. 10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145030 · DOI · Paper page
  5. 10.1207/s15327906mbr3804_5 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Curran P. J., 2007, Disaggregating within-person and between-person effects in latent curve models
  7. Diggle P., 2002, Analysis of longitudinal data, 10.1093/oso/9780198524847.001.0001 · DOI · Paper page
  8. Hedeker D., 2006, Longitudinal data analysis
  9. 10.1159/000052825 · DOI · Paper page
  10. 10.1080/00273170701710072 · DOI
  11. 10.3758/BF03192848 · DOI · Paper page
  12. 10.1177/014920639802400504 · doi:10.1177/014920639802400504 · Paper page
  13. 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1991.tb00254.x · DOI · Paper page
  14. 10.1093/geronj/47.4.P228 · DOI
  15. 10.1037/a0012869 · DOI · Paper page
  16. McArdle J. J., 2001, Structural equation modeling: Present and future, 341
  17. Nesselroade J. R., 1991, Visions of aesthetics, the environment, and development: The legacy of Joachim F. Wohlwill, 213
  18. Raudenbush S. W., 2002, Hierarchical linear models
  19. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173444.003.0006 · DOI
  20. 10.1037/0278-6133.17.1.6 · DOI · Paper page
  21. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152968.001.0001 · DOI · Paper page
  22. 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00043.x · DOI · Paper page
  23. 10.1037/0882-7974.21.3.545 · DOI · Paper page
  24. Snijders T. A. B., 1999, Multilevel analysis
  25. 10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.52 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

See all 661

Metadata

Authors
Hoffman, L., & Stawski, R. S.
Venue
Research in Human Development
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2009-06-01
Volume
6
Issue
2-3
Pages
97-120
ISSN
  • 1542-7609 (ISSN-L)
  • 1542-7617
DOI
10.1080/15427600902911189
OpenAlex
W2155943705
Cited by
661
References
5
FWCI
12.57
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Persons as Contexts: Evaluating Between-Person and Within-Person Effects in Longitudinal Analysis. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/15427600902911189
The paper
Hoffman, L., & Stawski, R. S. (2009). Persons as Contexts: Evaluating Between-Person and Within-Person Effects in Longitudinal Analysis. Research in Human Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427600902911189

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.