Fitting Characteristics of Eighteen N95 Filtering-Facepiece Respirators
Abstract
Four performance measures were used to evaluate the fitting characteristics of 18 models of N95 filtering-facepiece respirators: (1) the 5th percentile simulated workplace protection factor (SWPF) value, (2) the shift average SWPF value, (3) the h-value, and (4) the assignment error. The effect of fit-testing on the level of protection provided by the respirators was also evaluated. The respirators were tested on a panel of 25 subjects with various face sizes. Simulated workplace protection factor values, determined from six total penetration (face-seal leakage plus filter penetration) tests with re-donning between each test, were used to indicate respirator performance. Five fit-tests were used: Bitrex, saccharin, generated aerosol corrected for filter penetration, PortaCount Plus corrected for filter penetration, and the PortaCount Plus with the N95-Companion accessory. Without fit-testing, the 5th percentile SWPF for all models combined was 2.9 with individual model values ranging from 1.3 to 48.0. Passing a fit-test generally resulted in an increase in protection. In addition, the h-value of each respirator was computed. The h-value has been determined to be the population fraction of individuals who will obtain an adequate level of protection (i.e., SWPF >/=10, which is the expected level of protection for half-facepiece respirators) when a respirator is selected and donned (including a user seal check) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions without fit-testing. The h-value for all models combined was 0.74 (i.e., 74% of all donnings resulted in an adequate level of protection), with individual model h-values ranging from 0.31 to 0.99. Only three models had h-values above 0.95. Higher SWPF values were achieved by excluding SWPF values determined for test subject/respirator combinations that failed a fit-test. The improvement was greatest for respirator models with lower h-values. Using the concepts of shift average and assignment error to measure respirator performance yielded similar results. The highest level of protection was provided by passing a fit-test with a respirator having good fitting characteristics.
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The Quality Factor (QF) is commonly used to compare the performance of materials used to filter particulates under similar experimental conditions.
“The Quality Factor (QF) is commonly used to compare the performance of materials used to filter particulates under similar experimental conditions [62–81];”
From The protective performance of reusable cloth face masks, disposable procedure masks, KN95 masks and N95 respirators: Filtration and total inward leakage (2021) · cites this paper as [71]
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Self-citationSimulated workplace protection factor study of a quarter-facepiece elastomeric respirator
Sietsema, M., Hamza, H., & Brosseau, L. M. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene · doi:10.1080/15459624.2022.2145014 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
P2/N95 fit testing and the risk of COVID-19 in Healthcare Workers
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Evaluation of Rigidity of Surgical N95 Respirators Using a Manikin-System: A Pilot Study.
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Coffey, C. C., Lawrence, R. B., Campbell, D. L., Zhuang, Z., Calvert, C. A., & Jensen, P. A.
- Affiliations
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2004-04
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 262-271
- ISSN
- 1545-9624 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-9632
- OpenAlex
- W2023424240
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Performance
- Keywords
- N95 respirators, filtering facepiece respirators, respirator fit testing, workplace protection factor, H-value, respirator selection, filter penetration, face size
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Equipment Design, Face, Female, Filtration, Humans, Male, Materials Testing, Respiratory Protective Devices, Sensitivity and Specificity, Occupational Exposure, Workplace
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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