Cited by 140Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychometric Methodologies and TestingReligion, Spirituality, and Psychology

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Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire—Reliability and Factor Structure: A Swedish Version

Lilja, Josefine L., Frodi-Lundgren, Annika, Hanse, Jan Johansson, Josefsson, Torbjörn, Lundh, Lars-Gunnar, Sköld, Camilla, Hansen, Erling, Broberg, Anders G.·2011·Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

DOI 10.1080/16506073.2011.580367

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Abstract

Two studies were conducted to assess the Swedish version of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), which was originally created by Baer et al. (2006). The aim of Study 1 was to examine the psychometric properties of the FFMQ using data from 495 individuals. Quantitative and qualitative analyses resulted in a reduction of the scale by 10 items. Psychometric properties, including internal consistency of the revised instrument, were examined. The Swedish FFMQ provides results comparable to those obtained by Baer. Cronbach's alphas were high for all the facets. The Swedish FFMQ appears to be a potentially useful tool in measuring mindfulness among Swedish participants. The aim of Study 2 was to test the suggested hierarchical five-factor solution and construct validity, using a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Similar to findings for the English version of the FFMQ, the CFA showed that the Observing facet was not a significant part of an overall self-reported mindfulness structure in a Swedish population with little meditation experience.

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Khanjani, S., Foroughi, A., Bazani, M., Rafiee, S., Tamannaeifar, S., & Habibi, M. (2022) · Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/jrms.jrms_10_20 · Cited by 20
Validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in an Australian, meditating, demographically diverse sample
Taylor, N. Z., & Millear, P. M. R. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.041 · Cited by 25
“Different versions of the FFMQ have been validated in a number of different countries, including France (Heeren, Douilliez, Peschard, Debrauwere, & Philippot, 2011), Sweden (Lilja et al., 2011) and China (Deng, Liu, Rodriguez, & Xia, 2011).”
Background
Outcome of a web-based mindfulness intervention for families living with mental illness – A feasibility study
Stjernswärd, S., & Hansson, L. I. (2016) · Informatics for Health and Social Care · doi:10.1080/17538157.2016.1177533 · Cited by 20
The Role of Mindfulness and Life Satisfaction in Psychological Distress During the COVID-19 Lockdown in New Zealand: a Quasi-experimental Study
Hartstone, J. M., & Medvedev, O. N. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01731-4 · Cited by 20
“Be Mindful Even Though It Hurts”: A Single-Case Study Testing the Effects of a Mindfulness- and Acceptance-Based Intervention on Injured Athletes’ Mental Health
Moesch, K., Ivarsson, A., & Johnson, U. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jcsp.2019-0003 · Cited by 19
The mediating effect of mindful non-reactivity in exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy for severe health anxiety
Hedman, E., Hesser, H., Andersson, E., Axelsson, E., & Ljótsson, B. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.04.007 · Cited by 17
Specific facets of trait mindfulness reduce risk for alcohol and drug use among first-year undergraduate students
Single, A., Bilevicius, E., Johnson, E. A., & Keough, M. T. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-1092-7 · Cited by 16
Factor Structure and External Validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Pregnancy
Kantrowitz-Gordon, I. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0768-0 · Cited by 16
The contribution of psychological flexibility to functioning in people living with cancer‐related pain
Duarte, J., Björkstrand, F. K., McCracken, L. M., & Perrin, S. G. (2022) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.2067 · Cited by 19
“High levels of internal reliability have been found for the original (α = 0.82; Lilja et al., 2011) and the Swedish language version used in this study (α = 0.96).”
MethodInfluential
Exploring the Effects of Mindfulness-Based Childbirth and Parenting on Infant Social-Emotional Development
Lönnberg, G., Niemi, M., Salomonsson, B., Bränström, R., Nissen, E., & Jonas, W. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01658-w · Cited by 18
Restoration Skills Training in a Natural Setting Compared to Conventional Mindfulness Training: Sustained Advantages at a 6-Month Follow-Up
Lymeus, F., White, M. P., Lindberg, P., & Hartig, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.763650 · Cited by 18
Psychometric properties and validation of the Swedish Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in a clinical and non‐clinical sample among meditators and non‐meditators
Lilja, J. L., Falkenström, F., Zelleroth, C., Jacobson, E., Risberg, S., Nissling, L., & Weineland, S. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12602 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
Examining the impact of mindfulness and self-compassion on the relationship between mental health and resiliency
Rizal, F., Egan, H. H., Cook, A., Keyte, R., & Mantzios, M. (2020) · Current Issues in Personality Psychology · doi:10.5114/cipp.2020.100792 · Cited by 14
Treating depression and its comorbidity : From individualized Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy to affect-focused psychodynamic psychotherapy
Johansson, R. (2013) · Linköping studies in behavioural science · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-100385 · Cited by 13
“In addition, the Swedish 29-item version (Lilja et al., 2011) of the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ; Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer, & Toney, 2006) was included to measure the influence of general mindfulness skills.”
Method
Mediators of change in online acceptance and commitment therapy for psychological symptoms of parents of children with chronic conditions: An investigation of change processes
Sairanen, E., Lappalainen, R. I., Lappalainen, P., & Hiltunen, A. J. (2019) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.11.010 · Cited by 23
“The measures have been translated and back-translated for previous studies (Alfonsson et al., 2017; Lilja et al., 2011; Lundgren & Parling, 2017; LundgrenNilsson et al., 2012), except for the CFQ, which was translated and back-translated for this study by a group of researchers with long experience in acceptance, mind…”
Method
Mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy is effective as relapse prevention for patients with recurrent depression in Scandinavian primary health care
Lilja, J. L., Zelleroth, C., Axberg, U., & Norlander, T. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12302 · Cited by 15
“In the current study, we administered the Five Facets of Mindfulness – Swedish version (FFMQ_SWE; Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer & Toney, 2006; Lilja, Frodi-Lundgren, Johansson Hanse et al., 2011), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (Zigmond & Snaith, 1983; Lisspers, Nygren, Soederman, 1997) and Life Sati…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Mindfulness, Sustained Attention and Post-traumatic Stress in Tsunami Survivors
Hagen, C., Lien, L., Hauff, E., & Heir, T. (2016) · Psychology and Cognitive Sciences - Open Journal · doi:10.17140/pcsoj-2-115 · Cited by 13
The Capacity for Self-Observation in Psychotherapy
Falkenström, F. (2012) · DiVA (Linkoping University) · Cited by 12
The Personalized Psychological Flexibility Index (PPFI): An Item Response Theory Analysis with Racially Diverse College Students
Jo, D., Im, S., Suh, D. E., Spencer, S. D., & Masuda, A. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-023-10076-2 · Cited by 17
“Relatedly, extant literature in self-report measures of mindfulness suggests that the nature of observing one’s experience is likely to vary qualitatively between individuals with and without a regular practice of mindfulness meditation (Baer et al., 2008; Lilja et al., 2011).”
Background
The inner workings of anger: A network analysis of anger and emotion regulation
Larsson, J., Bjureberg, J., Zhao, X., & Hesser, H. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23622 · Cited by 17
“A revised version of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ ‐ Revised; Lilja et al., 2011), originally developed by Baer et al. (2006), was used to measure five different mindfulness strategies.”
Psychological mechanisms and neural correlates of trait mindfulness in emotion regulation: Testing a novel approach to the monitor and acceptance theory
Burić, I., Žderić, L., Onicas, A. I., Kolanović, M., & Collin, G. (2024) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100507 · Cited by 13
“This is not surprising given that, like several other studies ( Baer et al., 2006; Lilja et al., 2011; Baer et al., 2008; Michalak et al., 2016), our study found a non-significant correlation close to zero between Observing and Non-judging, and a significant correlation between Observing and…”
MethodResult
Is mindfulness protective against PTSD? A neurocognitive study of 25 Tsunami disaster survivors
Hagen, C., Lien, L., Hauff, E., & Heir, T. (2016) · Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine · doi:10.1186/s12952-016-0056-x · Cited by 11
The Relationship between Mindfulness and Burnout among Master of Social Work Students
Piatkowska, J. (2000) · doi:10.15760/etd.1961 · Cited by 10
“Similarly, the psychometrics of the Swedish version of the measure (Lilja et al., 2011), assessed in two separate studies, showed similar results to the original (Baer et al.”
Result
Pilot study on increased adherence to physical activity on prescription (PAP) through mindfulness: study protocol
Nymberg, P., Hansson, E. E., Stenman, E., Calling, S., Sundquist, K., Sundquist, J., & Zöller, B. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2932-9 · Cited by 9
Anger profiles among individuals seeking treatment for maladaptive anger: Associations with emotion regulation
Larsson, J., Bjureberg, J., & Hesser, H. (2023) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2821 · Cited by 9
Refinement and Validation of the Balanced Inventory of Mindfulness-Related Skills (BIMS)
Padmanabham, S. S., Bilgrami, Z. R., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., & Dam, N. T. V. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01590-5 · Cited by 10
Psychometric Properties of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire in Moderate-to-Severe, Persistent Depression
Sweeney, T., Morriss, R. K., Nixon, E., Guo, B., & Callaghan, P. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01573-6 · Cited by 9
Design Preferences, Routines, and Well-Being of Older Adults Using Voice-Guided Digital Mindfulness: Qualitative Interview Study
McCarren, L., & Kuoppamäki, S. (2025) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/67533 · Cited by 8
“The FFMQ-15 shows valid psychometric properties and can therefore be used in both health care settings and research settings [55].”
Initial Validation of the Mindful Presence Scale: The Issue of the Construal Level of Scale Items
Lengyel, A., Keczeli, D., Orosz, R., Bács, Z., Müller, A., Szőke, S., & Bába, É. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626084 · Cited by 8
Effects of an Online Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Intervention on Children’s Quality of Life
Sairanen, E., Lappalainen, R. I., Lappalainen, P., & Hiltunen, A. J. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02234-z · Cited by 12
“The measures have been translated and back-translated for previous studies (Alfonsson et al., 2017; Lilja et al., 2011; Lundgren & Parling, 2017; Lundgren-Nilsson et al., 2012), except for the CFQ, which was translated for this study by a group of researchers with extensive experience with ACTbased interventions.”
Method
Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)
Baer, R. A., Gu, J., & Strauss, C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47219-0_15 · Cited by 7
Autonomic function and inflammation in pregnant women participating in a randomized controlled study of Mindfulness Based Childbirth and Parenting
Rådmark, L., Osika, W., Wallén, M. B., Nissen, E., Lönnberg, G., Bränström, R., Henje, E., Gardner, R. M., Fransson, E., Karlsson, H., et al. (2023) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-023-05528-2 · Cited by 6
“The validated Swedish Version of the FFMQ contains 29 items that are used to assess five facets of mindfulness [5, 33].”
Method
Exploring emotional well-being, spiritual, religious and personal beliefs and telomere length in chronic pain patients—A pilot study with cross-sectional design
Rönne-Petersén, L., Niemi, M., Walach, H., Lavebratt, C., Yang, L. L., Gerdle, B., Ghafouri, B., & Falkenberg, T. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0308924 · Cited by 4
“The FFMQ is the most frequently used questionnaire for mindfulness [48] and has been validated in Sweden [49].”
The effects of mindfulness-focused internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy on elevated levels of stress and symptoms of exhaustion disorder: A randomized controlled trial
Vernmark, K., Hursti, T. J., Blom, V., Asplund, R. P., Nathanson, E., Engelro, L., Radvogin, E., & Andersson, G. (2024) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.12899 · Cited by 4
“The internal consistency for the global scale is good (Cronbach’s alpha, α = .81). and it also has a high content validity (Lilja et al., 2011).”
The role of mindfulness in improving quality of life among student-athletes: a pilot mediation study
Johles, L., Molander, P., & Lundqvist, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1479584 · Cited by 8
Effect of mindfulness on physical activity in primary healthcare patients: a randomised controlled trial pilot study
Nymberg, P., Calling, S., Stenman, E., Palmér, K., Hansson, E. E., Sundquist, K., Sundquist, J., & Zöller, B. (2021) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-021-00810-6 · Cited by 4
Embracing change: impermanence acceptance mediates differences in death processing between long-term ayahuasca users and non-users
David, J., Berkovich‐Ohana, A., & Dor‐Ziderman, Y. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06792-0 · Cited by 6
“The resulting Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.79, which are within the range of translations from other language (Lilja et al. 2011).”
Influential
Differential Pattern of Consequences of Self‐Compassion Across Gender
Musabiq, S., Santoso, G. P. A., Takwin, B., & Poerwandari, E. K. (2024) · Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology · doi:10.1155/2024/5564391 · Cited by 3
Trait Mindfulness as a Mediator of Resilience, Depressive Symptoms, and Trauma Symptoms
Neelarambam, K. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/5817721 · Cited by 3

Authors: Lilja, J. L., Frodi-Lundgren, A., Hanse, J. J., Josefsson, T., Lundh, L.-G., Sköld, C., Hansen, E., & Broberg, A. G.
Affiliations: University of Gothenburg (SE)
Halmstad University (SE)
Lund University (SE)
Danderyds sjukhus (SE)
Corresponding author: Lilja, Josefine L.
ORCID: Lilja, Josefine L.
Lundh, Lars-Gunnar
Broberg, Anders G.
Venue: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2011-12
Volume: 40
Issue: 4
Pages: 291-303
ISSN: 1650-6073 (ISSN-L)
1651-2316
DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2011.580367
OpenAlex: W2064472532
Cited by: 140
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 7.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Keywords: mindfulness, Swedish translation, psychometric properties, factor structure, construct validity, internal consistency, meditation experience, cross-cultural adaptation
MeSH terms: Adult, Age Factors, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Sweden, Translating, Reproducibility of Results, Meditation

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Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire—Reliability and Factor Structure: A Swedish Version

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