Psychometric properties and validation of the Swedish Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in a clinical and non‐clinical sample among meditators and non‐meditators
Open accessAbstract
Over a period of 15 years several attempts to conceptualize mindfulness have been presented and revised, but there is still no clear or agreed‐upon definition. The use of mindfulness‐based interventions has increased in clinical and research settings the last couple of years, including in Sweden. As a clinician it is crucial to know if a treatment works through the theoretically postulated mechanisms of change. Mindfulness is a concept that is difficult to measure. The overall aim of the current project was to examine the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ_SWE) using three different studies. To test the construct validity of the FFMQ_SWE a hierarchal confirmatory factor analysis was performed in a meditating non‐clinical sample, to examine if all the five facets would load on an overall mindfulness construct. Psychometric properties of the instrument were examined in a non‐clinical and a clinical sample, and discriminative relationships with other variables were analysed. The convergent validity was examined by analysing the correlations between FFMQ_SWE and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Sense of Coherence and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Test‐retest reliability was tested by distributing FFMQ_SWE at two occasions. The hierarchal confirmatory factor analysis showed good fit in a population of meditators. The FFMQ_SWE showed good convergent validity and test‐retest reliability in both clinical and non‐clinical populations. In sum, the Swedish version of the FFMQ showed good psychometric properties and can be a useful instrument as an evaluation of treatment effects in both health care settings and research settings.
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The FFMQ has shown measurement non-invariance in the form of scalar non-invariance between clinical and non-clinical samples and metric non-invariance between meditators and non-meditators.
“The FFMQ has shown measurement non-invariance in the form of scalar non-invariance (different intercepts) between clinical and non-clinical samples [28] and metric non-invariance (different loadings) between meditators and non-meditators [29].”
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- Authors
- Lilja, J. L., Falkenström, F., Zelleroth, C., Jacobson, E., Risberg, S., Nissling, L., & Weineland, S.
- Affiliations
- Region Västra Götaland (SE)
- Linköping University (SE)
- Gothenburg Sweden
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Bäckefors Sweden
- Corresponding author
- Lilja, Josefine L.
- Venue
- Scandinavian Journal of Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-12-27
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 369-379
- ISSN
- 0036-5564 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9450
- PMC
- PMC7318620
- OpenAlex
- W2998573499
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 2.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Scandinavian Journal of Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DiVA (Linkoping University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Research and Development Primary Health Care, Gothenburg and Sodra Bohuslan
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, Swedish version, mindfulness measurement, psychometric validation, construct validity, convergent validity, test-retest reliability, meditators, clinical samples, non-clinical sample, mechanisms of change, mindfulness-based interventions, anxiety and depression, sense of coherence, emotion regulation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sweden, Reproducibility of Results, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness
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