Do Motivational Incentives Reduce the Inhibition Deficit in ADHD?

Shanahan, Michelle A.; Pennington, Bruce F.; Willcutt, Erik W.

doi:10.1080/87565640701884238

Cited by 50Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesDevelopmental and Educational Neuropsychology

Do Motivational Incentives Reduce the Inhibition Deficit in ADHD?

Shanahan, Michelle A., Pennington, Bruce F., Willcutt, Erik W.·2008·Developmental Neuropsychology

DOI 10.1080/87565640701884238

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Abstract

The primary goal of this study was to test three competing theories of ADHD: the inhibition theory, the motivational theory, and a dual deficit theory. Previous studies have produced conflicting findings about the effects of incentives on executive processes in ADHD. In the present study of 25 children with ADHD and 30 typically developing controls, motivation was manipulated within the Stop Task. Stop signal reaction time was examined, as well as reaction time, its variability, and the number of errors in the primary choice reaction time task. Overall, the pattern of results supported the inhibition theory over the motivational or dual deficit hypotheses, as main effects of group were found for most key variables (ADHD group was worse), whereas the group by reward interaction predicted by the motivational and dual deficit accounts was not found. Hence, as predicted by the inhibition theory, children with ADHD performed worse than controls irrespective of incentives.

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Some studies found that ADHD-related increases in reaction time variability are attenuated when rewards for performance are provided, whereas others have not found this effect of reward.
“Some studies have found that ADHD-related increases in RTV are attenuated when rewards for performance are provided [12,14,[90][91][92], whereas others have not found this effect of reward [49,93].”
From Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review (2012) · cites this paper as [49]
Context plays an important role in determining the extent to which performance on executive tasks is deficient in ADHD.
“In keeping with this, context has been shown to play an important role in determining the extent to which performance on executive tasks is deficient in ADHD (cf.Shiels et al., 2008; but see also Shanahan et al., 2008).”
From Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion (2010) · cites this paper as Shanahan et al., 2008
Shanahan et al. documented significant main effects of motivation on overall reaction time, reaction-time variability, and stop-signal reaction time, but the critical group by motivation interaction was not significant.
“This study documented significant main effects of motivation on overall RT, variability of RT, and SSRT, but the critical group by motivation interaction was not significant.”
From Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress (2011) · cites this paper as Shanahan et al (2008)

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Authors: Shanahan, M. A., Pennington, B. F., & Willcutt, E. W.
Affiliations: University of Denver (US)
University of Colorado Boulder (US)
ORCID: Pennington, Bruce F.
Venue: Developmental Neuropsychology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2008-03-06
Volume: 33
Issue: 2
Pages: 137-159
ISSN: 1532-6942 (ISSN-L)
8756-5641
DOI: 10.1080/87565640701884238
OpenAlex: W2016063033
Cited by: 50
References: 65
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 3.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Developmental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD027802, P50HD027802)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, inhibitory deficits, motivational incentives, reward, stop-signal task, executive function, children, reaction time variability
MeSH terms: Acoustic Stimulation, Adolescent, Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Choice Behavior, Cues, Discrimination Learning, Diseases in Twins, Dyslexia, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Motivation, Neuropsychological Tests, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Problem Solving, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Reference Values, Reward

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Do Motivational Incentives Reduce the Inhibition Deficit in ADHD?

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