Effects of stimulant medication, incentives, and event rate on reaction time variability in children with ADHD
Open accessAbstract
This study examined the effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on reaction time (RT) variability in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Using a broad battery of computerized tasks, and both conventional and ex-Gaussian indicators of RT variability, in addition to within-task manipulations of incentive and event rate (ER), this study comprehensively examined the breadth, specificity, and possible moderators of effects of MPH on RT variability. A total of 93 children with ADHD completed a 4-week within-subject, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of MPH to identify an optimal dosage. Children were then randomly assigned to receive either their optimal MPH dose or placebo after which they completed five neuropsychological tasks, each allowing trial-by-trial assessment of RTs. Stimulant effects on RT variability were observed on both measures of the total RT distribution (ie, coefficient of variation) as well as on an ex-Gaussian measure examining the exponential portion of the RT distribution (ie, τ). There was minimal, if any, effect of MPH on performance accuracy or RT speed. Within-task incentive and ER manipulations did not appreciably affect stimulant effects across the tasks. The pattern of significant and pervasive effects of MPH on RT variability, and few effects of MPH on accuracy and RT speed suggest that MPH primarily affects RT variability. Given the magnitude and breadth of effects of MPH on RT variability as well as the apparent specificity of these effects of MPH on RT variability indicators, future research should focus on neurophysiological correlates of effects of MPH on RT variability in an effort to better define MPH pharmacodynamics.
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Some exceptions report greater reaction time variability among children with ADHD-Combined Type compared with ADHD-Inattentive Type on certain tasks.
“Only a few exceptions exist, with some reporting greater RTV among children with ADHD-Combined Type compared with ADHD-Inattentive Type on certain tasks [41].”
From Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review (2012) · cites this paper as [41]
Generally, reaction time variability decreases during faster event rates for all children.
“Generally, RTV decreases during faster ERs for all children [41,83,84].”
From Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review (2012) · cites this paper as [41]
The effects of medication were of the largest magnitude and most consistent for reaction time variability indicators, especially ex-Gaussian tau, compared to other performance indicators such as reaction time speed and task accuracy.
“In addition, results showed the effects of medication were of the largest magnitude and most consistent for RTV indicators, especially ex-Gaussian tau, compared to other performance indicators, such as RT speed and task accuracy.”
From Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review (2012) · cites this paper as [41]
In a recent investigation including a range of cognitive tasks, stimulant medication reduced reaction time variability on a range of cognitive tasks.
“In a recent investigation of medication effects on RTV, which included a range of cognitive tasks, Epstein et al. [41] found that stimulant medication reduced RTVon a range of cognitive tasks.”
From Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review (2012) · cites this paper as [41]
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- Authors
- Epstein, J. N., Brinkman, W. B., Froehlich, T., Langberg, J. M., Narad, M. E., Antonini, T. N., Shiels, K., Simon, J. O., & Altaye, M.
- Affiliations
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Epstein, Jeffery N
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2011-01-19
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1060-1072
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC3059336
- OpenAlex
- W1980340647
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 4.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (K24MH064478, K23MH083881, K23MH083027, R01MH074770)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- methylphenidate, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, reaction time variability, coefficient of variation, incentive effects, event rate, children, placebo-controlled crossover trial
- MeSH terms
- Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Choice Behavior, Discrimination, Psychological, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Methylphenidate, Motivation, Neuropsychological Tests, Reaction Time, Reproducibility of Results, Models, Statistical, Treatment Outcome
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