PROBING THE FERMI BUBBLES IN ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION: A SPECTROSCOPIC SIGNATURE OF THE MILKY WAY'S BICONICAL NUCLEAR OUTFLOW
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Giant lobes of plasma extend ≈55° above and below the Galactic center, glowing in emission from gamma rays (the Fermi Bubbles) to microwaves and polarized radio waves. We use ultraviolet absorption-line spectra from the Hubble Space Telescope to constrain the velocity of the outflowing gas within these regions, targeting the quasar PDS 456 (ℓ, b = 10 4, +11 2). This sightline passes through a clear biconical structure seen in hard X-ray and gamma-ray emission near the base of the northern Fermi Bubble. We report two high-velocity metal absorption components, at v LSR = −235 and +250 km s −1 , which cannot be explained by co-rotating gas in the Galactic disk or halo. Their velocities are suggestive of an origin on the front and back side of an expanding biconical outflow emanating from the Galactic center. We develop simple kinematic biconical outflow models that can explain the observed profiles with an outflow velocity of ≳900 km s −1 and a full opening angle of ≈110° (matching the X-ray bicone). This indicates Galactic center activity over the last ≈2.5–4.0 Myr, in line with age estimates of the Fermi Bubbles. The observations illustrate the use of UV spectroscopy to probe the properties of swept-up gas venting into the Fermi Bubbles.
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The model also recovers the kinematics of the warm absorption clouds (v_los ∼ ±200 km/s).
“The model also recovers the kinematics of the warm absorption clouds ( v los ∼ ± 200 km s -1 ) as discussed in section 2.5.2 (also Fox et al. 2015; Bordoloi et al. 2017).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Fox et al. 2015
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Intermediate- and high-velocity clouds in the Milky Way – I. Covering factors and vertical heights
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Bipolar Ionization Cones in the Extended Narrow-line Region of Nearby QSO2s
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Simulating the Fermi Bubbles as Forward Shocks Driven by AGN Jets
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Marasco, A., Fraternali, F., Lehner, N., & Howk, J. C. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1172 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
GLOBAL STRUCTURE OF ISOTHERMAL DIFFUSE X-RAY EMISSION ALONG THE FERMI BUBBLES
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Davies, R. L., Ryan-Weber, E. V., D’Odorico, V., Bosman, S. E. I., Meyer, R. A., Becker, G. D., Cupani, G., Bischetti, M., Sebastian, A. M., Eilers, A., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3662 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The MUSEHubbleUltra Deep Field Survey
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Observation of Acceleration of H i Clouds within the Fermi Bubbles
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Mapping Outflowing Gas in the Fermi Bubbles: A UV Absorption Survey of the Galactic Nuclear Wind*
Ashley, T., Fox, A. J., Jenkins, E. B., Wakker, B. P., Bordoloi, R., Lockman, F. J., Savage, B. D., & Karim, T. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9ff8 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationBipolar ionization cones in the extended narrow-line region of nearby QSO2s
Storchi-Bergmann, T., Oliveira, B. D. D., Micchi, L. F. L., Schmitt, H. R., Fischer, T. C., Kraemer, S. B., Crenshaw, D. M., Maksym, W. P., Elvis, M., Fabbiano, G., et al. (2018) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Gas Accretion onto the Milky Way
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Miller, M. J., Hodges-Kluck, E. J., & Bregman, J. N. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/818/2/112 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
TRACING THE MILKY WAY NUCLEAR WIND WITH 21 cm ATOMIC HYDROGEN EMISSION
Lockman, F. J., & McClure-Griffiths, N. M. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/826/2/215 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationHard and bright gamma-ray emission at the base of the Fermi bubbles
Herold, L., & Malyshev, D. V. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834670 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Nielsen, N. M., Churchill, C. W., Kacprzak, G. G., Murphy, M. T., & Evans, J. L. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/818/2/171 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Probing the Southern Fermi Bubble in Ultraviolet Absorption Using Distant AGNs
Karim, M. T., Fox, A. J., Jenkins, E. B., Bordoloi, R., Wakker, B. P., Savage, B. D., Lockman, F. J., Crawford, S. M., Jorgenson, R. A., & Bland-Hawthorn, J. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac167 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The twin-component HVC structure was seen by Fox et al. (2015) toward the QSO PDS 456 lying close to the GC, and interpreted in terms of a signature of a biconical outflow.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationRevealing the Ionization Properties of the Magellanic Stream Using Optical Emission
Barger, K., Madsen, G., Fox, A., Wakker, B., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Nidever, D., Haffner, L., Antwi-Danso, J., Hernandez, M., Lehner, N., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa992a · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationProbing the Outflowing Multiphase Gas ∼1 kpc below the Galactic Center
Savage, B. D., Kim, T.-S., Fox, A. J., Massa, D., Bordoloi, R., Jenkins, E. B., Lehner, N., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Lockman, F. J., Hernandez, S., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aa8f4c · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“When preparing the Fox et al. (2015) manuscript and considering additional HST observations, we became aware of the extremely interesting HST archival spectroscopic observations for the sightline to the star LS 4825 (CD −30 15464), a luminous B1 Ib−II star lying 21±5 kpc away in the direction…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationBish, H. V., Werk, J. K., Prochaska, J. X., Rubin, K. H. R., Zheng, Y., O’Meara, J. M., & Deason, A. J. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3414 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The CGM at Cosmic Noon with KCWI: Outflows from a Star-forming Galaxy at z = 2.071
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JASMINE: Near-infrared astrometry and time-series photometry science
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Cheng, K.-S., Chernyshov, D., Dogiel, V., & Ko, C.-M. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/804/2/135 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kinematics of the Magellanic Stream and Implications for Its Ionization*
Fox, A. J., Frazer, E. M., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Wakker, B. P., Barger, K. A., & Richter, P. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab92a3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Milky Way revealed to be a neutrino desert by the IceCube Galactic plane observation
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NGC 7469 as seen by MEGARA: new results from high-resolution IFU spectroscopy
Cazzoli, S., de Paz, A. G., Márquez, I., Masegosa, J., Iglésias-Páramo, J., Gallego, J., Carrasco, E., Cedazo, R., García-Vargas, M. L., Castillo-Morales, Á., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa409 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Molecular Gas within the Milky Way's Nuclear Wind
Cashman, F. H., Fox, A. J., Savage, B. D., Wakker, B. P., Krishnarao, D., Benjamin, R. A., Richter, P., Ashley, T., Jenkins, E. B., Lockman, F. J., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac3cbc · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationFermi Bubble Edges: Spectrum and Diffusion Function
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Hani, M. H., Ellison, S. L., Sparre, M., Grand, R. J. J., Pakmor, R., Gomez, F. A., & Springel, V. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1708 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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The Warm Gaseous Disk and the Anisotropic Circumgalactic Medium of the Milky Way
Qu, Z., & Bregman, J. N. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab2a0b · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A latitude-dependent analysis of the leptonic hypothesis for the Fermi Bubbles
Narayanan, S., & Slatyer, T. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx577 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Quasars Probing Quasars. X. The Quasar Pair Spectral Database
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The Warm Gas in the MW: A Kinematical Model
Qu, Z., Bregman, J. N., Hodges-Kluck, E., Li, J.-T., & Lindley, R. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab774e · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Kauffmann, G., Borthakur, S., & Nelson, D. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1950 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Characterizing the turbulent multiphase haloes with periodic box simulations
Mohapatra, R., Jetti, M., Sharma, P., & Federrath, C. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3603 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Asymmetric eROSITA bubbles as the evidence of a circumgalactic medium wind
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HST/COS Observations of the Warm Ionized Gaseous Halo of NGC 891
Qu, Z., Bregman, J. N., & Hodges-Kluck, E. J. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab17df · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Discovery of High-velocity Hα Emission in the Direction of the Fermi Bubble
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Self-citationUrsino, E., Galeazzi, M., & Liu, W.-H. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/816/1/33 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The CGM–GRB Study. I. Uncovering the Circumgalactic Medium around GRB Hosts at Redshifts 2–6
Gatkine, P. R., Veilleux, S., & Cucchiara, A. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab31ae · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey: VII. FeII* Emission in Star-Forming Galaxies
Finley, H., Bouché, N., Contini, T., Paalvast, M., Boogaard, L., Maseda, M. V., Bacon, R. M., Blaizot, J., Brinchmann, J., Épinat, B., et al. (2017) · HAL · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1710.09195 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Feeding and Feedback in the Powerful Radio Galaxy 3C 120
Tombesi, F., Mushotzky, R. F., Reynolds, C. S., Kallman, T. R., Reeves, J. N., Braito, V., Ueda, Y., Leutenegger, M. A., Williams, B. J., Stawarz, Ł., et al. (2017) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.23310 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Marra, R., Churchill, C. W., Kacprzak, G. G., Nielsen, N. M., Trujillo-Gomez, S., & Lewis, E. A. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3735 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Quasars Probing Quasars. X. The Quasar Pair Spectral Database
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Caught in the Act: A Metal-rich High-velocity Cloud in the Inner Galaxy
Cashman, F. H., Fox, A. J., Wakker, B. P., Ashley, T., Massa, D. L., Jenkins, E. B., Krishnarao, D., Benjamin, R. A., Bordoloi, R., & Kim, T. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acaaa5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatially resolved gas flows around the Milky Way
Clark, S., Bordoloi, R., & Fox, A. J. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac504 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationFermi bubbles: the collimated outburst needed to explain forward-shock edges
Mondal, S., Keshet, U., Sarkar, K. C., & Gurwich, I. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1084 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Feeding and Feedback in the Powerful Radio Galaxy 3C 120
Tombesi, F., Mushotzky, R. F., Reynolds, C. S., Kallman, T., Reeves, J. N., Braito, V., Ueda, Y., Leutenegger, M. A., Williams, B. J., Stawarz, Ł., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa6342 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Fermi bubbles: high-latitude X-ray supersonic shell
Keshet, U., & Gurwich, I. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1533 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Diverse metallicities of Fermi bubble clouds indicate dual origins in the disk and halo
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IceCube Constraints on the Fermi Bubbles
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Crawford, S. M., Crause, L. A., Depagne, É., Iłkiewicz, K., Schröder, A. C., Kuhn, R. B., Hettlage, C., Colmenero, E. R., Kniazev, A. Y., & Väisänen, P. (2016) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2232653 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Metal Enrichment in the Fermi Bubbles as a Probe of their Origin
Inoue, Y., Nakashima, S., Tahara, M., Kataoka, J., Totani, T., Fujita, Y., Sofue, Y., 中島, 真., 田原, 将., 片岡, 淳., et al. (2015) · JAXA Repository (JAXA) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
CO Emission Delineating the Interface between the Milky Way Nuclear Wind Cavity and the Gaseous Disk
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PANGU: a wide field gamma-ray imager and polarimeter
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Probing the Halo Gas Distribution in the Inner Galaxy with Fermi Bubble Observations
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QUIJOTE scientific results – VI. The Haze as seen by QUIJOTE
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A galactic breeze origin for the Fermi bubbles emission
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Emission from hadronic and leptonic processes in galactic jet-driven bubbles
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Not gone with the wind: survival of high-velocity molecular clouds in the galactic centre
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The AGN Jet Model of the Fermi Bubbles
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X-Rays from a Central “Exhaust Vent” of the Galactic Center Chimney
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The Starburst Acceleration of High-velocity Clouds in the Galactic Center
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Excess Galactic Molecular Absorption Toward the Radio Galaxy 3C 111
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Galactic Cosmic-Rays in a Breeze
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- Authors
- Fox, A. J., Bordoloi, R., Savage, B. D., Lockman, F. J., Jenkins, E. B., Wakker, B. P., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Hernandez, S., Kim, T.-S., Benjamin, R. A., Bowen, D. V., & Tumlinson, J.
- Affiliations
- Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US)
- Princeton University (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Trieste Astronomical Observatory (IT)
- University of Wisconsin–Whitewater (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fox, Andrew J.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2015-01-19
- Volume
- 799
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- L7
- ISSN
- 2041-8205 (ISSN-L)
- 2041-8213
- OpenAlex
- W2114344995
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 10.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal Letters (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (NAS 5-26555)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAS 526555, 526555)
- Space Telescope Science Institute (NAS5- 26555, 5-26555, 26555)
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Fermi bubbles, biconical outflow, ultraviolet absorption lines, PDS 456, outflow velocity, Galactic halo
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