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Free Competition and the Optimal Amount of Fraud
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“These are especially important for organic foods since they are credence goods (Darby and Karni, 1973).”
From How the interplay between consumer motivations and values influences organic food identity and behavior (2018) · cites this paper as Darby and Karni, 1973
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Items 901–995 of 995
Chinese consumer trust and preferences for organic labels from different regions
Chen, M., Wang, Y., Yin, S., Hu, W., & Han, F. (2019) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-02-2018-0128 · Cited by 38
Scozzafava, G., Gerini, F., Boncinelli, F., Contini, C., & Casini, L. (2021) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104259 · Cited by 37
Digital Health Experience: A Regulatory Focus Perspective
O’Connor, G. E., Myrden, S. E., Alkire, L., Lee, K., Köcher, S., Kandampully, J. A., & Williams, J. D. (2021) · Journal of Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.intmar.2021.07.002 · Cited by 36
“Additionally, since healthcare is high in credence attributes as opposed to search and experience attributes (Berry & Bendapudi, 2007), consumers cannot easily evaluate the quality of the healthcare service before and during consumption (Darby & Karni, 1973).”
BackgroundLymperopoulos, C., & Chaniotakis, I. E. (2008) · Journal of Financial Services Marketing · doi:10.1057/fsm.2008.6 · Cited by 36
Using farm assurance schemes to signal food safety to multiple food retailers in the U.K.
Northen, J. (2001) · The International Food and Agribusiness Management Review · doi:10.1016/s1096-7508(01)00069-6 · Cited by 36
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Burfurd, I., Gangadharan, L., & Nemes, V. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2012.05.002 · Cited by 36
“Once a house is accepted by a tenant, it is no longer available for rent by other tenants in that period.(8) Tenants are assumed to have a constant marginal utility of energy use.”
BackgroundAnalysis of Factors Affecting Fresh Milk Consumption among the Mid-Country Consumers
Alwis, A. D. P. S., Edirisinghe, J., & Athauda, A. M. M. G. I. U. B. (2011) · Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension · doi:10.4038/tare.v12i2.2799 · Cited by 36
“According to Information Theory (Nelson 1970; Darby and Karni 1973), consumers assess the quality and attributes of a commodity based on three types of information they obtain about that particular commodity namely Search, Experience and Credence characteristics.”
BackgroundContesting the social impact of marketing: A re-characterization of women’s fashion advertising
Phillips, B. J., & McQuarrie, E. F. (2011) · Marketing Theory · doi:10.1177/1470593111403215 · Cited by 37
“Subsequent to Nelson (1970), Darby and Karni (1973) introduced the category of credence goods, where quality is not readily ascertainable by the consumer before or after purchase.”
BackgroundThe country of origin effect: a hedonic price analysis of the Chinese wine market
Hu, L., & Baldin, A. (2018) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-02-2017-0121 · Cited by 36
Intermediation and (Mis‐)Matching in Insurance Markets—Who Should Pay the Insurance Broker?
Focht, U., Richter, A., & Schiller, J. (2012) · Journal of Risk & Insurance · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6975.2012.01475.x · Cited by 36
Consumer Information and the Pricing of Legal Services
Cox, S. R., DeSerpa, A. C., & Canby, W. C. (1982) · Journal of Industrial Economics · doi:10.2307/2098221 · Cited by 36
“3 For an excellent discussion of the opportunity for fraudulent behavior and of the inability of free competition to prevent seller fraud when diagnosis and service are jointly provided, see Darby and Karni [2].”
BackgroundRethinking Consumer Perception of Food Quality
Hansen, T. (2005) · Journal of Food Products Marketing · doi:10.1300/j038v11n02_05 · Cited by 32
“In addition to the distinction between search and experience attributes, Darby and Karni (1973) introduced the term credence.”
BackgroundIs Zero a Special Price? Evidence from Child Health Care
Iizuka, T., & Shigeoka, H. (2022) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20210184 · Cited by 35
Cross‐cultural equivalence of price perceptions across American, Chinese, and Japanese consumers
Meng, J., & Nasco, S. A. (2009) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/10610420910998235 · Cited by 35
“Not all product attributes lead to a quality assessment before purchase (Nelson, 1970; Karni and Darby, 1973), thus buyers sometimes rely on extrinsic attributes, such as store name, brand name, and advertising intensity, as a signal of product quality prior to purchase (Martins and Monroe, 1994; Molz and Gielnik, 200…”
BackgroundRoddy, S., Strange, J., & Taithe, B. O. (2015) · Journal of British Studies · doi:10.1017/jbr.2014.163 · Cited by 35
Are geographical indications a worthy quality label? A framework with endogenous quality choice
Desquilbet, M., & Monier‐Dilhan, S. (2014) · European Review of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/erae/jbu008 · Cited by 34
“(Nelson 1970, Darby and Karni 1973 ), taste is typically an experience attribute, known after”
BackgroundBowman, M., Marshall, K. K., Kuchler, F., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/ajae/aaw008 · Cited by 35
Dimensions of Expertise in Wine Evaluation
Ashton, R. H. (2016) · Journal of Wine Economics · doi:10.1017/jwe.2016.27 · Cited by 35
“The importance of expert opinion is echoed in formal analyses by economic theorists who distinguish among search goods, experience goods, and credence goods (Darby and Karni, 1973; Nelson, 1970, 1974).”
BackgroundUnger-Plasek, B., Lakner, Z., & Temesi, Á. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103518 · Cited by 35
“A unique feature of them is that they are difficult to assess even after consumption [14,15].”
BackgroundMobilizing consumer demand for sustainable development
van Trijp, J. C. M., & Fischer, A. R. H. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9781-1_5 · Cited by 35
“These are called credence qualities ( Darby and Karni 1973 ).”
The influence of trust on consumer behavior: An application to recurring food risks in Canada
Ding, Y., Veeman, M. M., & Adamowicz, W. (2013) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2013.06.009 · Cited by 35
Would consumers value food‐away‐from‐home products with nutritional labels?
Drichoutis, A. C., Lazaridis, P., & Nayga, R. M. (2009) · Agribusiness · doi:10.1002/agr.20224 · Cited by 35
Information asymmetry and product valuation: an exploratory study
Afzal, W., Roland, D. R., & Al-Squri, M. N. (2008) · Journal of Information Science · doi:10.1177/0165551508097091 · Cited by 35
“Attributes such as experience Waseem Afzal, Daniel Roland and Mohammad Nasser Al-Squri [21] and credence [22] are difficult to assess before the purchase of a product, while ‘searchable’ attributes such as quality and price can be assessed before purchase [3].”
BackgroundAn Experimental Investigation of the Documentation of Advertising Claims
Sheffet, M. J. (1983) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.1983.10672826 · Cited by 35
The Harmonization of Legal Warranties in European Sales Law: An Economic Analysis
Parisi, F. (2004) · The American Journal of Comparative Law · doi:10.2307/4144456 · Cited by 35
Roongruangsee, R., & Patterson, P. G. (2023) · Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ) · doi:10.1177/14413582231195990 · Cited by 35
“Our conceptual model (Figure 1) is grounded in the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) (Venkatesh et al., 2003), information economic theory (Darby & Karni, 1973), the self-service technology literature and client interviews.”
InfluentialDigital twins of organization: implications for organization design
Lyytinen, K., Weber, B., Becker, M. C., & Pentland, B. T. (2023) · Journal of Organization Design · doi:10.1007/s41469-023-00151-z · Cited by 38
“In extreme situations, actors will inevitably collude to commit fraud (Darby and Karni 1973) which purposefully renders the model incorrect, so the state deviates from the model.”
Reputation und Unternehmenserfolg
Schwaiger, M., & Raithel, S. (2014) · Management Review Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11301-014-0106-8 · Cited by 35
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Hasanzade, V., Osburg, V., & Toporowski, W. (2018) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-12-2016-0946 · Cited by 34
“In this context, one can distinguish three product attributes: search attributes, experience attributes, and credence attributes (Darby and Karni, 1973; Nelson, 1970, 1974).”
BackgroundAn Integrated Approach to Current Trends in Organic Food in the EU
Bostan, I., Onofrei, M., Vatamanu, A. F., Toderaşcu, C., & Lazăr, C. M. (2019) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods8050144 · Cited by 34
“Having in mind that consumers may only know that the product is organic when they are informed [44], the variability of price premium for organic food may be influenced by information Foods 2019, 8, 144 3 of 17 about these type of products, which in line with Nelson [40], Darbi [41], Hansen [43] and Giannakas’ [44] po…”
BackgroundResultReacting to negative online customer reviews
Piehler, R., Schade, M., Hanisch, I., & Burmann, C. (2019) · Journal of Service Theory and Practice · doi:10.1108/jstp-10-2018-0227 · Cited by 36
Letmathe, P., & Suares, M. (2020) · Sustainable Futures · doi:10.1016/j.sftr.2020.100018 · Cited by 35
Space Norms for Constructing Quality Reviews on Online Consumer Review Sites
Hou, J., & Ma, X. (2021) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2022.1102 · Cited by 35
Ownership Incentives and Management Fraud
Sen, P. K. (2007) · Journal of Business Finance & Accounting · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5957.2007.02026.x · Cited by 34
Risk-reducing signals for new online retailers: a study of single and multiple signalling effects
Yen, H. R. (2006) · International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising · doi:10.1504/ijima.2006.012685 · Cited by 33
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Arruñada, B., Garicano, L., & Vázquez, L. (2005) · Review of Law & Economics · doi:10.2202/1555-5879.1002 · Cited by 34
“Since these after-sale services are credence goods, whose quality is only known in the long term, if ever (Darby and Karni, 1973), monitoring their quality is costly.”
The market positioning of British medical charities
Hibbert, S. A. (1995) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090569510098474 · Cited by 34
“Attributes which cannot be evaluated even after consumption are what Darby and Karni refer to as “credence qualities”[ 36”
BackgroundInsurance Distribution Systems
Regan, L., & Tennyson, S. L. (2000) · Hübner international series on risk, insurance, and economic security · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0642-2_22 · Cited by 34
New Areas in Agricultural and Food Marketing
Grunert, K. G., Harmsen, H., Larsen, H. H., Sørensen, E. B., & Bisp, S. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6273-3_1 · Cited by 34
Kayodé, A. P. P. (2006) · doi:10.18174/26991 · Cited by 34
Can a meta sustainability label facilitate more sustainable consumer choices?
Torma, G., & Thøgersen, J. B. (2023) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3488 · Cited by 39
DeLong, K. L., Grebitus, C., & Nayga, R. M. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d agroeconomie · doi:10.1111/cjag.12118 · Cited by 34
“Marketing from the Art World”: A Critical Review of American Research in Arts Marketing
Lee, J. W., & Lee, S. H. (2017) · The Journal of Arts Management Law and Society · doi:10.1080/10632921.2016.1274698 · Cited by 33
“As with other credence goods (Darby and Karni 1973), buyers also need to have additional information for judging the quality of artworks, even after purchasing them.”
BackgroundScozzafava, G., Gerini, F., Dominici, A., et al. (2018) · Wine Economics and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.wep.2018.09.001 · Cited by 33
“Credence attributes (Darby and Karni, 1973) can not be ascertained even after consumption, such as alcohol content, organic or place of origin.”
BackgroundEvidence from Retail Food Markets That Consumers Are Confused by Natural and Organic Food Labels
Kuchler, F., Bowman, M., Sweitzer, M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Consumer Policy · doi:10.1007/s10603-018-9396-x · Cited by 33
Brown, A. L., Bakke, A. J., & Hopfer, H. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240177 · Cited by 34
“The attributes found desirable by American premium chocolate consumers can be organized using the framework provided by Darby & Karni [71] who renamed extrinsic attributes as “search” and intrinsic attributes as “experience” and added a third “credence” attribute, for which the true value cannot be…”
Drivers of fish choice: an exploratory analysis in Mediterranean countries
Saidi, A., Sacchi, G., Cavallo, C., Cicia, G., Monaco, R. D., Puleo, S., & Giudice, T. D. (2022) · Agricultural and Food Economics · doi:10.1186/s40100-022-00237-4 · Cited by 32
“Economic theory on product quality makes a major distinction between search, experience, and credence characteristics (Darby and Karni 1973; Nelson 1970).”
BackgroundQuality, Subjectivity, and Sustained Superior Performance at the Olympic Games
Waguespack, D. M., & SALOMON, R. M. (2015) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2014.2144 · Cited by 33
“For example, Darby and Karni (1973) proposed that the quality of certain goods and services, such as the provision of repair services, is costly to ascertain, even after experience with them.”
BackgroundRebound effects due to economic choices when assessing the environmental sustainability of wine
Benedetto, G., Rugani, B., & Vázquez-Rowe, I. (2014) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.07.007 · Cited by 33
Heterogeneity of consumer demand: opportunities for pricing of services
Taher, A., & Basha, H. E. (2006) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/10610420610685884 · Cited by 32
“Darby and Karni (1973) added a third category: credence qualities, which are characteristics that cannot be confidently evaluated immediately after receipt because customers are purchasing expertise in areas in which they themselves are not very knowledgeable (e.”
BackgroundHispanics and Patronage Preferences for Shopping From the Internet
Korgaonkar, P. K., Silverblatt, R., & Becerra, E. P. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2004.tb00288.x · Cited by 33
Market and Welfare Effects of Second‐Generation, Consumer‐Oriented GM Products
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THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF OCCUPATIONAL REGULATION
Cox, C. C., & Foster, S. N. (1990) · Cited by 33
Bech, A. C., Grunert, K. G., Bredahl, L., Juhl, H. J., & Poulsen, C. S. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-04601-2_7 · Cited by 38
Chapter 31 Health care and the public sector
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FOOD SAFETY INNOVATION IN THE UNITED STATES: EVIDENCE FROM THE MEAT INDUSTRYPreprint
Golan, E. H., Roberts, T., Salay, E., et al. (2004) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.34083 · Cited by 33
Submission to the Productivity Commission
Monaghan, S. (2009) · Cross Connect (Southern Cross University) · Cited by 33
Leveraging Knowledge Communication for Innovation
Müller-Prothmann, T. (2012) · Europäische Hochschulschriften. Reihe 5, Volks- und Betriebswirtschaft · doi:10.3726/978-3-653-01159-3 · Cited by 32
Chang, C., & Chen, H.-Y. (2008) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0111 · Cited by 32
Moosmayer, D. C., Chen, Y., & Davis, S. M. (2017) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-017-3702-4 · Cited by 33
“, that production is free of child labor) (Darby and Karni 1973).”
BackgroundA literature review on the student evaluation of teaching
Ching, G. S. (2018) · Higher Education Evaluation and Development · doi:10.1108/heed-04-2018-0009 · Cited by 37
“Credence properties are generally found in goods and services that are characterized by high levels of complexity (Darby and Karni, 1973), such as the teaching and learning process.”
BackgroundEffects of different sponsorship disclosure message types on consumers’ trust and attitudes
Pfeuffer, A., & Huh, J. (2020) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2020.1807229 · Cited by 39
“…ways, based on tangibility (goods vs. services) (Zeithaml et al. 1985), product attribute evaluation (search vs. experience vs. credence goods) (Darby and Karni 1973; Nelson 1970, 1974), evaluation standards (objective vs. subjective) (Lee and Shin 2011), or utility (utilitarian vs. hedonic)…”
BackgroundGrebitus, C., & Loo, E. V. V. (2022) · Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/agec.12701 · Cited by 27
Cross-cultural differences in uses of online experts
Obal, M., & Kunz, W. (2016) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.08.030 · Cited by 35
Effect of Technical and Functional Quality on Patient Perceptions of Pharmaceutical Service Quality
Holdford, D. A., & Schulz, R. (1999) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1023/a:1018934621859 · Cited by 32
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“The framework underlying the attribute-based product classification was first proposed under the economics of information literature ( Darby and Karni, 1973”
MethodA Hedonic Analysis of Nutrition and Health Claims on Fruit Beverage Products
Szathvary, S., & Trestini, S. (2014) · Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/1477-9552.12056 · Cited by 32
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Hsieh, P. (2013) · Managing Service Quality · doi:10.1108/09604521311303390 · Cited by 31
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“Credence products Darby and Kami (1973) define credence products as products the average consumer cannot assess even after purchasing and using the product or service.”
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Ngamvichaikit, A., & Beise, M. (2014) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijphm-10-2012-0010 · Cited by 35
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Goyal, A. (2004) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/13555850410765258 · Cited by 32
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Bartels, R., Fiebig, D. G., & van Soest, A. (2006) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-006-0052-y · Cited by 32
“Darby and Karni (1973) introduced the additional concept of credence”
InfluentialShopper marketing moderators of the brand equity – behavioral loyalty relationship
Hariharan, V. G., Desai, K. K., Talukdar, D., & Inman, J. J. (2018) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.12.002 · Cited by 32
“…1993; Keller, 2003; Netemeyer et al., 2004), good value for money, interesting personality (Aaker, 1997), and strong, favorable, and unique (or differentiated) brand associations (Keller, 1993; Netemeyer et al., 2004), some of which are formed by making attribute claims (Darby & Karni, 1973).”
BackgroundLack of attribute searchability: Some thoughts
Mittal, B. (2004) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20013 · Cited by 32
Lott, J. R. (1996) · Managerial and Decision Economics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1468(199607)17:4 · Cited by 32
A Clarification of Theories and Evidence on Supplier-Induced Demand for Physicians' Services
Stano, M. (1987) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.2307/145706 · Cited by 32
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Shi, L., & Tapia, C. (2015) · Real Estate Economics · doi:10.1111/1540-6229.12102 · Cited by 31
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Fan satisfaction and segmentation: A case study of minor league hockey spectators
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“…naruanard@gmail.com management consulting, civil engineering), which are considered ‘medium-high contact’ services and high in credence properties (Darby and Karni, 1973; Jarvis and Rigby, 2012), dictates that the client–service provider interactions (service encounters) constitute the heart of…”
BackgroundExploring branding strategies of FMCG, services and durables brands: evidence from India
Mann, B. J. S., & Kaur, M. (2013) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/10610421311298650 · Cited by 33
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“Environmental process innovations are a good example of so-called ‘credence qualities’ as defined by Darby and Karni (1973) and later on applied to environmental innovation by De Marchi (2012).”
BackgroundManaging Interactions between Technological and Stylistic Innovation in the Media Industries
Schweizer, T. S. (2003) · Technology Analysis and Strategic Management · doi:10.1080/0953732032000046033 · Cited by 31
“This is mainly due to the experience and credence qualities (Darby & Karni, 1973; Emons, 1997) of such innovations, which means that belief in the (innovative) quality experienced by others forms a central part in the perception of such products, a belief, which the certifiers have the power to…”
BackgroundBarrena, R., & Sánchez, M. (2010) · Agribusiness · doi:10.1002/agr.20244 · Cited by 20
Efficient informal trade: Theory and experimental evidence from the Cape Town taxi market
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Metadata
- Authors
- Darby, M. R., & Karni, E.
- ORCID
- Darby, Michael R.
- Venue
- The Journal of Law and Economics
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1973-04
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 67-88
- ISSN
- 0022-2186 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5285
- OpenAlex
- W2086888884
- Cited by
- 3,947
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 167 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 130 · 2021: 133 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 134 · 2018: 153 · 2017: 131 · 2016: 166 · 2015: 166 · 2014: 172 · 2013: 178 · 2012: 203
- FWCI
- 13.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Law and Economics (publishedVersion)
- bepress Legal Repository (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Legal and Constitutional Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Merger and Competition Analysis
- Keywords
- fraud, free competition, fraud deterrence, market competition
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