The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Free Competition and the Optimal Amount of Fraud
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“These are especially important for organic foods since they are credence goods (Darby and Karni, 1973).”
From How the interplay between consumer motivations and values influences organic food identity and behavior (2018) · cites this paper as Darby and Karni, 1973
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7466396 · Cited by 20,065
Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality, and Value: A Means-End Model and Synthesis of Evidence
Zeithaml, V. A. (1988) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224298805200302 · Cited by 18,292
A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research
Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1985) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224298504900403 · Cited by 21,645
“One framework for isolating differences in evaluation of quality for goods and services is the classification of properties of goods proposed by Nelson (1974) and Darby and Karni (1973). Nelson distinguished between two categories of properties of con-”
BackgroundAuditor size and audit quality
DeAngelo, L. (1981) · Journal of Accounting and Economics · doi:10.1016/0165-4101(81)90002-1 · Cited by 6,024
“26For discussion of the brand name mechanism in general, see Barzel (1977, 1980), Darby and Karni (1973), Klein, Crawford, and Alchian (1978), and Klein and Leffler (1981).”
BackgroundCustomer Satisfaction, Market Share, and Profitability: Findings From Sweden
Anderson, E. W., Fornell, C., & Lehmann, D. R. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-88079-7_22 · Cited by 4,672
The Role of Market Forces in Assuring Contractual Performance
Klein, B., & Leffler, K. B. (1981) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/260996 · Cited by 3,653
Customer Satisfaction, Market Share, and Profitability: Findings from Sweden
Anderson, E. W., Fornell, C., & Lehmann, D. R. (1994) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224299405800304 · Cited by 2,349
No Pain, No Gain: A Critical Review of the Literature on Signaling Unobservable Product Quality
Kirmani, A., & Rao, A. R. (2000) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.64.2.66.18000 · Cited by 2,286
“There fore, signals are unlikely to convey quality for credence products, whose quality is not discernible even after pur chase and use (Darby and Kami 1973).”
BackgroundAlba, J. W., Lynch, J. G., Weitz, B. A., Janiszewski, C. A., Lutz, R., Sawyer, A. G., & Wood, S. L. (1997) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224299706100303 · Cited by 2,211
Zeithaml, V. A. (2000) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1177/0092070300281007 · Cited by 1,919
“One research hypothesis might be that advertising has a higher impact in certain situations, such as with services high in search or experience properties (Nelson 1970) but not as strong as with services high in credence properties (Darby and Karni 1973; Zeithaml 1981).”
BackgroundCustomers' motivations for maintaining relationships with service providers
Bendapudi, N. M., & Berry, L. L. (1997) · Journal of Retailing · doi:10.1016/s0022-4359(97)90013-0 · Cited by 1,602
Rindova, V., Williamson, I. O., Petkova, A. P., & Sever, J. M. (2005) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2005.19573108 · Cited by 1,596
How advertising works: what do we really know?
Vakratsas, D., & Ambler, T. (1999) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224299906300103 · Cited by 1,436
Opportunism in Interfirm Relationships: Forms, Outcomes, and Solutions
Wathne, K. H., & Heide, J. B. (2000) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.64.4.36.18070 · Cited by 1,399
“The logic of disciplining suppliers by denying them repeat purchases does not hold for credence goods (Darby and Karni 1973), for which neither search nor actual experience provides an accurate indication of quality.”
BackgroundEnvironmental innovation and R&D cooperation: Empirical evidence from Spanish manufacturing firms
Marchi, V. D. (2011) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2011.10.002 · Cited by 1,364
Lovelock, C. H., & Gummesson, E. (2004) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/1094670504266131 · Cited by 1,332
“Employing Nelson’s (1970) and Darby and Karni’s (1973) classification of the qualities of goods, she argued that many goods are high in search qualities—attributes that can be determined and evaluated prior to purchase.”
MethodBharadwaj, S. G., Fahy, J., & Varadarajan, P. R. (2014) · Developments in marketing science: proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13248-8_90 · Cited by 1,115
Dawar, N., & Parker, P. M. (1994) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.2307/1252271 · Cited by 1,175
Managing What Consumers Learn from Experience
Hoch, S. J., & Deighton, J. (1989) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224298905300201 · Cited by 1,143
Development of a Scale to Measure Consumer Skepticism Toward Advertising
Obermiller, C., & Spangenberg, E. R. (1998) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp0702_03 · Cited by 1,037
Evaluating the Potential of Interactive Media through a New Lens: Search versus Experience Goods
Klein, L. R. (1998) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(97)00062-3 · Cited by 884
Consumer Information, Product Quality, and Seller Reputation
Shapiro, C. (1982) · The Bell Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/3003427 · Cited by 869
Grunert, K. G., Bredahl, L., & Brunsø, K. (2003) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/s0309-1740(03)00130-x · Cited by 873
Quacks, Lemons, and Licensing: A Theory of Minimum Quality Standards
Leland, H. E. (1979) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/260838 · Cited by 793
Zeithaml, V. A., Parasuraman, A., & Malhotra, A. (2000) · Marketing Science Institute eBooks · Cited by 834
Empirical research in on-line trust: a review and critical assessment
Grabner‐Kräuter, S., & Kaluscha, E. A. (2003) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/s1071-5819(03)00043-0 · Cited by 857
“4 The assessment of the qualities of a particular purchase can be based on three different types of qualities (Darby and Karni, 1973): search qualities, experience qualities and credence qualities.”
BackgroundPark, C. W., Mothersbaugh, D. L., & Feick, L. F. (1994) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209383 · Cited by 803
Using informational labeling to influence the market for quality in food products
Caswell, J. A., & Mojduszka, E. M. (1996) · American Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.2307/1243501 · Cited by 790
Huang, P., Lurie, N. H., & Mitra, S. (2009) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.73.2.55 · Cited by 765
Wells, Valacich, J. S., & Hess (2011) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/23044048 · Cited by 900
“Drawing from the information economics literature, three categories of goods help to distinguish levels of information asymmetry: search, experience, and credence (Darby and Karni 1973; Nelson 1970).”
BackgroundMethodOn Doctors, Mechanics, and Computer Specialists: The Economics of Credence Goods
Dulleck, U., & Kerschbamer, R. (2006) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/002205106776162717 · Cited by 720
“We start by stating our efficiency result: PROPOSITION 1: Under Assumptions H (Homogeneity), C (Commitment), and either”
Yiridoe, E., Bonti-Ankomah, S., & Martin, R. C. (2005) · Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems · doi:10.1079/raf2005113 · Cited by 815
“This notion of a good leads logically to a perspective by economists —first developed by Nelson 16 and Darby and Karni 17 — namely, credence characteristics.”
Sharma, N., & Patterson, P. G. (2000) · International Journal of Service Industry Management · doi:10.1108/09564230010360182 · Cited by 740
Nuttavuthisit, K., & Thøgersen, J. (2017) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2690-5 · Cited by 722
“Green product attributes are credence attributes, which means that they cannot be verified by the consumer even after purchase and consumption (Bech-Larsen and Grunert 2001; Darby and Karni 1973; Giannakas 2002).”
InfluentialFranchising: Firms, Markets, and Intangible Assets
Caves, R. E., & II, W. F. M. (1976) · Southern Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/1056250 · Cited by 694
“On this general effect of impacted information see Darby and Karni [8].”
BackgroundModeling the Determinants of Customer Satisfaction for Business-to-Business Professional Services
Patterson, P. G., Johnson, L. W., & Spreng, R. A. (1996) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1177/0092070397251002 · Cited by 696
Word-of-mouth effects on short-term and long-term product judgments
Bone, P. F. (1995) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/0148-2963(94)00047-i · Cited by 716
On Product Uncertainty in Online Markets: Theory and Evidence1
Dimoka, A., Hong, Y., & Pavlou, P. A. (2012) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/41703461 · Cited by 682
Conceptual model of the quality perception process
Steenkamp, J. E. M. (1990) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/0148-2963(90)90019-a · Cited by 732
Exploring the Implications of M-Commerce for Markets and Marketing
Balasubraman, S., Peterson, R. A., & Järvenpää, S. L. (2002) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1177/009207002236910 · Cited by 686
Marketing and business performance
Morgan, N. A. (2011) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-011-0279-9 · Cited by 802
Consumer Trade-Offs and the Evaluation of Services
Ostrom, A. L., & lacobucci, D. (1995) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224299505900102 · Cited by 796
“2As an anonymous reviewer pointed out, Nelson (1970) and Darby and Karni (1973) argue that price becomes important as a cue to quality in situations where quality is uncertain (e.”
BackgroundLoureiro, M. L., & Umberger, W. J. (2007) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2006.11.006 · Cited by 695
“Beef products marketed with these types of credence attributes require traceability systems to verify the integrity of the labeling claims (Golan et al., 2004a; Tronstad et al., 2005). Smith et al. (2000) define meat traceability as the ability to identify the origin of animals or meat as far back in the production se…”
BackgroundWhy do customers switch? The dynamics of satisfaction versus loyalty
Mittal, B., & Lassar, W. M. (1998) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/08876049810219502 · Cited by 663
Sharma, N., & Patterson, P. G. (1999) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/08876049910266059 · Cited by 652
Janßen, M., & Hamm, U. (2012) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2011.12.004 · Cited by 705
Lee, H.-J., & Yun, Z.-S. (2014) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.06.002 · Cited by 673
Price and Brand Name As Indicators of Quality Dimensions for Consumer Durables
Brucks, M. L., Zeithaml, V. A., & Naylor, G. (2000) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1177/0092070300283005 · Cited by 608
“We draw from Nelson (1970) and Darby and Karni (1973) to analyze the ease of evaluating the quality dimensions.”
MethodAtkinson, L., & Rosenthal, S. (2014) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2013.834803 · Cited by 620
“In this asymmetric information environment, in which one side holds more or better information than the other, consumers rely on cues or signals as a means of evaluating product quality (Darby and Karni 1973; Kirmani 1997; Kirmani and Akshay 2000; Nelson 1970, 1974).”
BackgroundCustomer retailer loyalty in the context of multiple channel strategies
Wallace, D. W., Giese, J. L., & Johnson, J. L. (2004) · Journal of Retailing · doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2004.10.002 · Cited by 630
Composite Branding Alliances: An Investigation of Extension and Feedback Effects
Park, C. W., Jun, S. Y., & Shocker, A. D. (1996) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224379603300407 · Cited by 609
Rational and Adaptive Performance Expectations in a Customer Satisfaction Framework
Johnson, M. D., Anderson, E. W., & Fornell, C. (1995) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209428 · Cited by 598
Wei-we, Y. (2008) · Sci-Tech Information Development & Economy · Cited by 592
Measuring Customer-Perceived Value in Business Markets
Ulaga, W., & Chacour, S. (2001) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/s0019-8501(99)00122-4 · Cited by 608
The impact of brand credibility on consumer price sensitivity
Erdem, T., Swait́, J., & Louviere, J. J. (2002) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/s0167-8116(01)00048-9 · Cited by 595
“Such ‘‘credence’’ attributes (Darby & Karni, 1974) include aspects of reliability like ‘‘crash-proneness’’ (of an operating system) or even certain service dimensions (e.g. consumers learn about how helpful a PC company is after a computer problem develops with their PCs) that cannot be known…”
BackgroundReimbursing Health Plans and Health Providers: Efficiency in Production versus Selection
Newhouse, J. P. (1996) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 565
WHY HOLD‐UPS OCCUR: THE SELF‐ENFORCING RANGE OF CONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIPS
Klein, B. (1996) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1996.tb01388.x · Cited by 532
The Price Bundling of Services: A Normative Framework
Guiltinan, J. P. (1987) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224298705100206 · Cited by 558
AD SKEPTICISM: The Consequences of Disbelief
Obermiller, C., Spangenberg, E. R., & MacLachlan, D. L. (2005) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2005.10639199 · Cited by 545
Blockchain Governance—A New Way of Organizing Collaborations?
Lumineau, F., Wang, W., & Schilke, O. S. (2020) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2020.1379 · Cited by 614
“Veri fi ability denotes the extent to which the quality provided by the trans-acting parties can be observed and veri fi ed ex post (Dulleck et al. 2011), with veri fi ability being highest among search goods and lowest among credence goods (Nelson 1970, Darby and Karni 1973).”
What is Quality? An Integrative Framework of Processes and States
Golder, P. N., Mitra, D., & Moorman, C. (2012) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jm.09.0416 · Cited by 549
“In business practice, views of quality have evolved over the past 30 years through programs such as Total Quality Management, the Baldrige Awards, and Six Sigma, all of which have helped firms improve quality, particularly in manufactured goods (Deming 1982; Powell 1995).”
BackgroundCurrent issues in the understanding of consumer food choice
Grunert, K. G. (2002) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/s0924-2244(02)00137-1 · Cited by 534
Brown, M., Pope, N. K., & Voges, K. E. (2003) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090560310495401 · Cited by 522
“and credence goods (Darby and Kami, 1973).”
Racherla, P., & Friske, W. (2012) · Electronic Commerce Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.elerap.2012.06.003 · Cited by 547
Mitra, K., Reiss, M. C., & Capella, L. M. (1999) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/08876049910273763 · Cited by 507
Kempf, D. S., & Smith, R. E. (1998) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224379803500304 · Cited by 502
Credence and the effect on consumer liking of food – A review
Fernqvist, F., & Ekelund, L. (2013) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2013.10.005 · Cited by 516
The Role of Consumers' Trust in Online-Shopping
Grabner‐Kräuter, S. (2002) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1023/a:1016323815802 · Cited by 528
Consumer Responses to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in China
Tian, Z., Wang, R., & Yang, W. Y. (2011) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0716-6 · Cited by 496
“The value of credence products cannot be evaluated even after use (Darby and Karni, 1973).”
BackgroundWhat's in a steak? A cross-cultural study on the quality perception of beef
Grunert, K. G. (1997) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/s0950-3293(96)00038-9 · Cited by 476
Consumer responses to ecolabels
Thøgersen, J. B., Haugaard, P., & Olesen, A. (2010) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090561011079882 · Cited by 470
“They transform credence attributes to search attributes (Darby and Karni, 1973)[1] and also function as reminders (Drichoutis et al.”
BackgroundSignaling Quality with a Money-Back Guarantee: The Role of Transaction Costs
Moorthy, S., & Srinivasan, K. (1995) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.14.4.442 · Cited by 463
A cost/benefit approach to understanding service loyalty
Lee, M., & Cunningham, L. F. (2001) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/08876040110387917 · Cited by 453
A Model of Advertising and Product Quality
Schmalensee, R. (1978) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/260683 · Cited by 437
Empson, L. (2001) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726701547003 · Cited by 442
A Survey-Based Method for Measuring and Understanding Brand Equity and Its Extendibility
Park, C. S., & Srinivasan, V. (1994) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224379403100210 · Cited by 446
Consumers' Use of Nutritional Labels: A Review of Research Studies and Issues
Drichoutis, A. C., Lazaridis, P., & Nayga, R. M. (2006) · Cited by 438
The customer value proposition: evolution, development, and application in marketing
Payne, A., Frow, P., & Eggert, A. (2017) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-017-0523-z · Cited by 440
The Reliability of Certification: Quality Labels as a Consumer Policy Tool
Jahn, G., Schramm, M., & Spiller, A. (2005) · Journal of Consumer Policy · doi:10.1007/s10603-004-7298-6 · Cited by 432
WHY FIRMS SEEK ISO 9000 CERTIFICATION: REGULATORY COMPLIANCE OR COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE?
Anderson, S. W., Daly, J. D., & Johnson, M. F. (1999) · Production and Operations Management · doi:10.1111/j.1937-5956.1999.tb00059.x · Cited by 420
“Policymakers used ISO 9000 to define minimum quality standards in situations where the likelihood of market failure made regulatory intervention appropriate (Coase 1960; Darby and Karni 1973; Spence 1977; Leland 1979; Smallwood and Conlisk 1979).”
MethodReardon, T. (1999) · The International Food and Agribusiness Management Review · doi:10.1016/s1096-7508(01)00035-0 · Cited by 426
“” A credence good is a complex, new product with quality and/or safety aspects that cannot be known to consumers through sensory inspection or observation-in-consumption (Darby and Karny, 1973).”
BackgroundBharadwaj, S. G., Varadarajan, P. R., & Fahy, J. (1993) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.2307/1252221 · Cited by 995
Trust in Business to Business Relationships: An Evaluation of its Status
Blois, K. J. (1999) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/1467-6486.00133 · Cited by 413
Sammer, K., & Wüstenhagen, R. (2006) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.522 · Cited by 443
“Finally, credence characteristics cannot be checked before or after purchase (Darby and Karni, 1973).”
BackgroundGolan, E. H., Kuchler, F., Mitchell, L., Greene, C., & Jessup, A. (2001) · Journal of Consumer Policy · doi:10.1023/a:1012272504846 · Cited by 418
“Credence goods have attributes that consumers cannot evaluate even in use (Darby & Karni, 1973).”
BackgroundWells, J. D., Valacich, J. S., & Hess, T. J. (2011) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.5555/2017507.2017513 · Cited by 407
The nature of customer relationships in services
Liljander, V., & Strandvik, T. (1995) · Advances in services marketing and management · doi:10.1016/s1067-5671(95)04009-9 · Cited by 438
Inderst, R., & Ottaviani, M. (2009) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.99.3.883 · Cited by 380
Modeling the determinants of customer satisfaction for business-to-business professional services
Patterson, P. G., Johnson, L. W., & Spreng, R. A. (1997) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/bf02894505 · Cited by 465
Will Consumers Pay a Premium for Eco‐labeled Apples?
Loureiro, M. L., McCluskey, J. J., & Mittelhammer, R. C. (2002) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.2002.tb00430.x · Cited by 390
Plant Cell Walls and Food Quality
Waldron, K. W., Parker, M. L., & Smith, A. C. (2003) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2003.tb00019.x · Cited by 389
“Figure 2—Quality dimensions of Darby and Karni (1973) Figure 1—The food chain”
BackgroundMultisource Effects on the Satisfaction Formation Process
Halstead, D., Hartman, D., & Schmidt, S. L. (1994) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1177/0092070394222002 · Cited by 383
EXQ: a multiple‐item scale for assessing service experience
Klaus, P., & Maklan, S. (2012) · Journal of service management · doi:10.1108/09564231211208952 · Cited by 396
“, 2005) and a single service is more likely to produce significant results than a study across many services (Darby and Karni, 1973; Sharma and Patterson, 2000).”
BackgroundIntegrating attitudinal theories to understand and predict use of technology‐based self‐service
Bobbitt, L. M., & Dabholkar, P. A. (2001) · International Journal of Service Industry Management · doi:10.1108/eum0000000006092 · Cited by 376
Consumer acceptance of technology-based food innovations: Lessons for the future of nutrigenomics
Ronteltap, A., van Trijp, J. C. M., Renes, R. J., & Frewer, L. J. (2007) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.02.002 · Cited by 377
van Herpen, E., & van Trijp, J. C. M. (2011) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.04.011 · Cited by 397
“Health is a socalled credence attribute (Darby & Karni, 1973) that consumers cannot verify on the basis of personal experience.”
BackgroundThe Effect of Corporate Image in the Formation of Customer Loyalty
Andreassen, T. W., & Lindestad, B. (1998) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/109467059800100107 · Cited by 374
Carfora, V., Cavallo, C., Caso, D., Giudice, T. D., Devitiis, B. D., Viscecchia, R., Nardone, G., & Cicia, G. (2019) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.03.006 · Cited by 382
Petrescu, D. C., Vermeir, I., & Petrescu-Mag, R. M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17010169 · Cited by 353
“Darby and Karni [42] added credence qualities, defining them as those qualities that cannot be evaluated in normal use and require additional costly information, such as the lower negative environmental impact of organic apples.”
BackgroundDulleck, U., Kerschbamer, R., & Sutter, M. (2009) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.101.2.526 · Cited by 373
“1 It is noteworthy that Darby and Karni ( 1973 ) were, in fact, obstetricians for two strands of literature on credence goods.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Darby, M. R., & Karni, E.
- ORCID
- Darby, Michael R.
- Venue
- The Journal of Law and Economics
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1973-04
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 67-88
- ISSN
- 0022-2186 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5285
- OpenAlex
- W2086888884
- Cited by
- 3,947
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 167 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 130 · 2021: 133 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 134 · 2018: 153 · 2017: 131 · 2016: 166 · 2015: 166 · 2014: 172 · 2013: 178 · 2012: 203
- FWCI
- 13.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Law and Economics (publishedVersion)
- bepress Legal Repository (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Legal and Constitutional Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Merger and Competition Analysis
- Keywords
- fraud, free competition, fraud deterrence, market competition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review