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Free Competition and the Optimal Amount of Fraud
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“These are especially important for organic foods since they are credence goods (Darby and Karni, 1973).”
From How the interplay between consumer motivations and values influences organic food identity and behavior (2018) · cites this paper as Darby and Karni, 1973
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Reisch, L. A. (2004) · Journal of Consumer Policy · doi:10.1023/b:copo.0000014103.38175.df · Cited by 43
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“April 2012 ABSTRACT The Good, the Bad and the Naive: Do Fair Prices Signal Good Types or Do They Induce Good Behaviour?* Evidence on behavior of experts in credence goods markets raises an important causality issue: Do “fair prices” induce “good behavior”, or do “good experts” post “fair prices”?”
BackgroundProduct knowledge and information processing of organic foods
Stanton, J. V., & Cook, L. A. (2019) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-07-2017-2275 · Cited by 42
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Consumer confusion in German food retailing: the moderating role of trust
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“and Singh, 1993; Taylor, 1995; Woodside, Frey, and Daly, expertise to judge their quality at all (Darby and Karni, 1973).”
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“According to Ford, Smith, and Swasy (1988), Darby and Karni (1973) proposed the third category of goods (credence) because ‘‘certain qualities can never be verified by the average consumer.”
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“The categorization of attributes this and many other studies use is attributed to Nelson (1970) and Darby and Karni (1973). Search attributes are observable attributes including price and brand, while experience attributes are those including taste and other sensory features.”
Ashton, R. H. (2014) · Journal of Wine Economics · doi:10.1017/jwe.2014.7 · Cited by 41
“I. Introduction Economic theorists distinguish among search goods, experience goods, and credence goods (Darby and Karni, 1973; Nelson, 1970, 1974).”
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“2 Credence goods are those goods whose quality is difficult to be fully assessed, even after purchase (Darby and Karni 1973).”
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“In terms of quality determination, food can be categorized into search, experience and credence attributes [7, 19, 28].”
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“The role of a services’ attributes is different from those of goods (Nelson, 1970; Darby and Karni, 1973).”
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“For a distinction of the different types of goods see Darby and Karni (1973).”
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“This information is crucial to attest the greenness of the products as their attributes are unobservable to consumers, even after purchase and use (Baksi & Bose, 2007; Darby & Karni, 1973).”
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“With an experience characteristic (Nelson, 1970), a consumer discovers quality only after consuming it, and with a credence characteristic (Darby and Karni, 1973) a consumer never discovers the quality of the good (or does so only in the very long term, such as in the case of some long-term…”
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“Credence attributes are characteristics that consumers find hard to evaluate even after making a purchase and consuming the service (Darby and Karni 1973).”
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“Since food healthiness corresponds to a ‘credence attribute’ (Darby and Karni, 1973; Lassoued and Hobbs, 2015), the level of consumer trust in different sources of information (i.”
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“Darby and Karni (1973) describe a third category, credence goods or credence qualities, for which the costs of determining quality are prohibitively high and 6 or the effects occur with a time lag.”
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“Finally, credence characteristics cannot be evaluated even after consumption and include attributes such as whether the seafood was caught or farmed in a sustainable or humane manner or the long-term health benefits of consuming seafood (Darby and Karni, 1973).”
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“…2005; Teece, 2003; Winch & Schneider, 1993), the challenge of winning clients over their competition is particularly difficult as the quality of a solution is not known before the exchange, and it cannot even be reliably assessed after service delivery (Brush & Artz, 1999; Darby & Karni, 1973).”
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“These types of attributes are those with which the consumer can only determine the product’s real quality once he or she has used or consumed it (Nelson, 1970; Darby and Karni, 1973).”
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Dawes, P. L., Dowling, G. R., & Patterson, P. G. (1991) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/bf01731940 · Cited by 38
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“These circumstances, together with the large number of credence attributes associated with these products (Darby and Karni, 1973) made them an obvious choice for testing our proposed hypotheses.”
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“Experience and credence criteria are difficult to evaluate beforehand because experience criteria involve a usage-related experience (Nelson, 1970), and credence criteria are highly abstract in nature and may be too difficult to evaluate even after purchase (Darby & Karni, 1973).”
BackgroundThe evolution of credence goods in customer markets: exchanging 'pigs in pokes'
Andersen, E. S., & Philipsen, K. (1998) · Cited by 38
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“Darbi and Karni [16] have extended this concept by the category of credence characteristics which cannot even be evaluated after purchase and consumption.”
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“Services from the legal professions, such as the ones by doctors, financial experts, or art consultants, can in fact be viewed as credence goods, in the sense of Darby and Karni (1973): even after having used such services, due to the informational asymmetry, clients cannot verify whether professionals acted in their…”
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“The notion of different types of product characteristics was firstly introduced by Nelson (1970) followed by Darby and Karni (1973). According to their classification any good or service could be seen as a bundle of characteristics which could be grouped in the search, experience and credence types.”
InfluentialFood Fraud and Risk Perception: Awareness in Canada and Projected Trust on Risk-Mitigating Agents
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“Given the challenges for anyone in evaluating food risks, trust becomes a necessary means to simplify how food decisions are made (Darby & Karni, 1973; Nelson, 1974).”
BackgroundAnisimova, T., Mavondo, F. T., & Weiss, J. (2017) · Journal of Marketing Communications · doi:10.1080/13527266.2017.1387869 · Cited by 37
“The underlying problem of such goods is asymmetric information between sellers and consumers regarding the product value, which forces the consumer to incur high additional information costs to more accurately assess the credence good’s true value (Darby and Karni 1973, 68, 69).”
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“Such products are called credence goods [30,31].”
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“Trust from customers is crucial and minimises perceived risks of service outcomes (Berry, 2000; Darby & Karni, 1973; Laroche et al., 2004).”
BackgroundSauer, R. D. O., & Leffler, K. B. (1990) · American Economic Review · Cited by 37
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“…upon the previous research on customer dissatisfaction (Bitner et al., 1990; Keaveney, 1995), power and its implications in exchanges (Blau, 1964; Conway et al., 1999; Copeland, 1994; Hecht & LaFrance, 1998), and the classification of the offering properties (Darby & Karni, 1973; Nelson, 1970).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA model for assessing consumer perceptions of quality
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“Such claims are not easily verified as they typically lack search or experience characteristics (Nelson, 1970) and present a credence situation (Darby and Karni, 1973), in which claims must be taken on trust.”
BackgroundAdvertising as Information: Further Evidence
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“The seminal literature includes theoretical advances by Stigler [10], Nelson [7; 8], Spence [9], and Darby and Karni [1].”
BackgroundReputation and Relevance of Economics Journals
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Jung, E.-A., & Sung, H. (2017) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su9030411 · Cited by 36
“Based on Nelson [60,61], Darby and Karni [55] define credence goods as those goods whose level of quality of an attribute can never be determined by the average consumer [65–67].”
BackgroundRussian consumer willingness to pay for genetically modified food
Delmond, A. R., McCluskey, J. J., Yormirzoev, M., et al. (2018) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.02.004 · Cited by 36
“implicit classification as credence goods – goods for which the quality is unknown even after consumption (Darby and Karni, 1973).”
BackgroundCostanigro, M., Scozzafava, G., & Casini, L. (2019) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.01.008 · Cited by 39
Metadata
- Authors
- Darby, M. R., & Karni, E.
- ORCID
- Darby, Michael R.
- Venue
- The Journal of Law and Economics
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1973-04
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 67-88
- ISSN
- 0022-2186 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5285
- OpenAlex
- W2086888884
- Cited by
- 3,947
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 167 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 130 · 2021: 133 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 134 · 2018: 153 · 2017: 131 · 2016: 166 · 2015: 166 · 2014: 172 · 2013: 178 · 2012: 203
- FWCI
- 13.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Law and Economics (publishedVersion)
- bepress Legal Repository (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Legal and Constitutional Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Merger and Competition Analysis
- Keywords
- fraud, free competition, fraud deterrence, market competition
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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