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Free Competition and the Optimal Amount of Fraud
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“These are especially important for organic foods since they are credence goods (Darby and Karni, 1973).”
From How the interplay between consumer motivations and values influences organic food identity and behavior (2018) · cites this paper as Darby and Karni, 1973
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“Drawing from the previously published research on product typology and using Nelson's (1974) definition of search goods, Kline's (1988) two-fold classifications of experience goods, and Darby and Karni's (1973) definition of credence, the authors suggest that type of product (search, experience-1, experience-2, and cr…”
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“Credence attributes cannot normally be evaluated (Darby and Karni, 1973).”
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“The evaluation spectrum is a typology of product classifications developed by economists to explain how consumers evaluate different types of goods and services ( Darby and Karni, 1973”
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“Farm animal welfare is a credence good related to the production, transport and slaughter of farm animals that cannot be discerned through inspection of the good before purchase, or through use after purchase (Darby and Karni, 1973).”
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“All these studies have incorporated the classification scheme based on the work of scholars such as Stigler (1961), Nelson (1974), Klein (1998) and Darby and Karni (1973) among others.”
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“product characterization schemes have been laid down in marketing as well as EC literature [5], [6], [9], [13], [17], [40], [45], [52], [53], [55], [65].”
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“The quality dimensions can be distinguished into search, experience and credence aspects depending upon when and whether the consumer can judge the quality (Nelson, 1970, 1974; Darby and Karni, 1973).”
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“benefits or attributes that cannot be verified through information or personal experience (Darby and Karni, 1973; Nelson, 1974).”
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“Governance arrangements provide means of reducing measurement costs, which are especially significant when transactions include difficult-to-measure characteris ics (Darby and Karni, 1973; Barzel, 2005).”
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“Darby and Karni 1973).”
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“Credence qualities, according to Darby and Karni (1973), cannot be evaluated through normal use.”
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“Furthermore, economic studies have demonstrated that fraudulent or misleading claims that cannot be easily verified by the consumer tend to persist over time because perpetuating those claims is profitable for the business and the claims often fail to elicit consumer attention especially when the price is low [48].”
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“example, many process attributes." ( Darby and Karny, 1973 ).”
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“Darby and Karni (1973) add another category-eredence products.”
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“Despite the fact that scholars emphasized the value of service classifications in marketing (Lovelock, 1983), only a few studies recognized the importance of this classification (Darbi and Karni, 1973; Girard, 2005; Ostrom and Iacobucci, 1995).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Darby, M. R., & Karni, E.
- ORCID
- Darby, Michael R.
- Venue
- The Journal of Law and Economics
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1973-04
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 67-88
- ISSN
- 0022-2186 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5285
- OpenAlex
- W2086888884
- Cited by
- 3,947
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 167 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 130 · 2021: 133 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 134 · 2018: 153 · 2017: 131 · 2016: 166 · 2015: 166 · 2014: 172 · 2013: 178 · 2012: 203
- FWCI
- 13.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Law and Economics (publishedVersion)
- bepress Legal Repository (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Legal and Constitutional Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Merger and Competition Analysis
- Keywords
- fraud, free competition, fraud deterrence, market competition
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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